“限制的绝对豁免”:中国国家豁免的实践特色与立法进路

Restricted Absolute Immunity: The Practices’ Characteristics and Legislative Approaches of State Immunity in China

国家豁免是国际社会公认的习惯国际法原则,具有国内法和国际法、法律和政治外交的双重对立统一性。中国长期的司法、立法和政策选择实践证明,除"自愿接受"和适用"对等原则"这两种情况外,中国在国家豁免问题上坚持国家享有绝对豁免,国有企业不享有豁免,即"限制的绝对豁免",该制度是当代中国国家豁免政策的最优选择。当前,中国外交环境的变化和"新冠疫情诉讼"的出现,使中国的国家豁免立法具有高度的必要性和迫切性。中国的国家豁免立法在继续坚持"限制的绝对豁免"政策的基础上,可以基于中国的特殊国情和面临的国际形势,借鉴各国的立法经验,设立一系列具有中国特色的国家豁免制度,以最大程度地维护中国的国家利益。

State immunity is a principle of customary international law recognized by the international community.It has the attribution of dual unity of opposites in both domestic and international law,law and politics.China’s longterm judicial,legislative and policy-choosing practice has proved that China continuously sticks to“Restricted Absolute Immunity”,that is,except for voluntary acceptance of jurisdiction and the application of the principle of reciprocity,country should enjoy absolute state immunity,while state-owned enterprises should not enjoy state immunity.The“Restricted Absolute Immunity”is proved to be the best choice of China’s state immunity policy.At present,the“coronavirus lawsuit”against China and the changes of the diplomatic environment of China makes China’s state immunity legislation highly necessary and urgent.China should continue to adhere to the “Restricted Absolute Immunity”through legislation while,based on China’s special national conditions and international situation,as well as learn from the legislative experience of other countries,establish a series of state immunity mechanisms with Chinese characteristics,so as to better safeguard the national interests of China.