从接受到“接合”:国有企业国际规制的中国话语转变

From Imposition to Interface: China’s Paradigm Shift on the State-owned Enterprise Norms

以政府所有或控制的企业为主要规制对象的国企条款是新近国际经贸规则的新趋势。国企条款的常见内容包括非商业援助条款、商业考量和非歧视义务、透明度义务、监管中立和公司治理等。其中前三项内容缘起于WTO规则,并在国企和补贴议题上有所强化和扩展。监管中立和公司治理内容发源于OECD竞争中性指导性建议,正经历着软法硬法化的转变。与国有企业国际规制同步进展的还有中国在这一问题上的话语转变:始于入世时期对"WTO+"承诺的接受,经过近二十年的转型与变革转变为积极参与,并尝试通过"接合面"机制协调不同经济体制之间的差异,为国企规制的多元化贡献中国智慧,体现中国话语。在标志着中国阶段性转变的中欧投资协定中,"接合面"机制的运用使规则设置更加中性、灵活和平衡。

Including provisions on the State owned or controlled enterprises( SOEs) is a new trend in in some newly-enacted free trade agreements( FTAs). The key elements of SOEs provisions include non-commercial assistance( NCA),commercial considerations and non-discrimination obligations,transparency,regulatory neutrality and corporate governance,among others.As to NCA,commercial considerations and non-discrimination obligations and transparency obligations,these provisions are largely based on the WTO rules though they are more expansive and disciplinary to the SOEs and SOE-related subsidies.Rules on regulatory neutrality and corporate governance,originating from the OECD guidelines on competitive neutrality,have been undergoing a“hardening”process of soft law.Concurrent with its evolution is China’s paradigm shift on SOE norms.Different from “imposition”of SOErelated obligations in China’s Protocol on the Accession to the WTO,China is moving into a new paradigm applying“interface”mechanism which aims at enabling different economic systems to operate harmoniously.In the EU—China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment which is illustrative of China’s shifting paradigm on SOE norms,“interface”mechanism is applied,contributing to the neutral,flexible and balanced SOEs provisions.