我国生态环境损害赔偿制度的理论基础和制度完善

Theoretical Basis and System Improvement of Ecological Environment Damage Compensation System in China

十多年法律实践史表明我国立法者在选择生态环境损害救济制度方面的思路发生了三重转向:制度所依托的法律框架从公法转向私法;法律实施模式从私人实施回归公共实施;具体实施手段从依赖传统行政执法机制转向对行政机关的"赋权""增能"。但这种转向是不彻底的。由于错误定位生态环境损害赔偿制度的理论基础,主流学说在纯粹私法框架内解释生态环境损害赔偿制度,这种做法不仅干扰法律体系,还会损害依法行政原则、环境程序正义价值以及法律事务在行政权和司法权之间的区分原则等。生态环境损害赔偿制度的理论基础应当是"生态环境公共利益——国家环境保护义务",这决定了其制度完善应从两方面着力。其一,以生态环境公共利益为核心范畴、通过宪法体系解释为我国多元生态环境损害救济制度体系奠定一以贯之的理论基础。其二,生态环境损害赔偿制度不宜定性为纯粹私法制度,未来立法者应从公法角度对其规则进行适度改造。

The history of legal practice over the past years reveals that there has been a triple shift in the choice of relief mechanism for eco-environmental damage by Chinese legislators:the legal framework of the relief mechanism for ecological environmental damage has shifted from public law to private law;the implementation mode of law has returned from private implementation to public implementation;and the implementation means has changed from relying on traditional administrative law enforcement mechanism to civil law enforcement mechanism.But this shift isincomplete.Due to the wrong positioning of the theoretical basis of eco-environmental damage compensation system,the interpretation of eco-environmental damage compensation system under the framework of pure private law will disturb the legal order,damage the principle of administration according to law and the principle of distinguishing legal affairs between administrative power and judicial power.Therefore,it is necessary to redefine the theoretical basis of the compensation system for ecological and environmental damage and replace "the theory of state ownership of natural resources" with "ecological environmental public interest-state environmental protection obligations".To improve the relief mechanism of ecological environment damage,we need to start from two angles.On one hand,the ecological environment damage relief mechanism with the ecological environment damage compensation system as the core needs to be constructed at the constitutional level.On the other hand,the national environmental protection obligation requires that the legislators should reform the rules of ecological environment damage compensation system from the perspective of public law.