畜禽粪便资源化利用研究综述与对策建议——基于供给与需求二维度视角

Review and countermeasures on resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure——Based on the two-dimensional perspective of supply and demand

规模化、集约化已经成为现代畜牧业的重要特征,在此背景下大量畜禽粪便集中排放造成的环境污染问题日益严峻。大力推进畜禽粪便资源化利用,是实现畜牧业绿色可持续发展的必然要求和实现途径。笔者系统梳理了我国畜禽粪便资源化利用的相关法律法规与政策,从供给与需求二维度视角分析了畜禽粪便资源化利用的现状和制约因素。结果表明:近年来政府高度重视畜禽粪便治理工作,法律法规与政策体系不断完善,为我国畜禽粪便资源化利用工作指引方向和提供制度保障;目前畜禽粪便资源化利用方式主要有肥料化、能源化、饲料化三大类,其中肥料化是主要的利用方式;影响畜禽粪便资源化利用的制约因素主要包括畜禽粪便处理成本高、收益低,畜禽粪便资源化利用缺乏核心技术支撑,种养区域布局与规模不匹配,畜禽粪便资源化产品替代品较多,畜禽粪便资源化产品缺乏相关技术标准及种养结合的养分管理制度不健全。鉴于此,提出了加大畜禽粪便资源化利用的政策扶持、建立健全畜禽粪便资源化产品质量标准体系、积极引导种植户施用有机肥、建立畜禽粪便养分管理的相关制度的对策建议。

Large-scale and intensive animal husbandry have become the important characteristics of modern animal husbandry. Under this background, the environmental pollution caused by the concentrated discharge of a large number of livestock and poultry feces is becoming increasingly serious. It is an inevitable requirement and way to realize green and sustainable development to vigorously promote the resource utilization of animal manure. The author systematically sorted out the relevant laws, regulations and policies on the resource utilization of livestock manure in China, and analyzed the current situation and restrictive factors of the resource utilization of livestock manure from the perspective of two-dimensional supply and demand. The results showed that in recent years, the government attached great importance to the management of livestock and poultry manure, and the laws, regulations and policy systems were continuously improved, which provided guidance and institutional guarantee for the resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure in China. At present, there were three main utilization ways of livestock and poultry manure: fertilizer, energy and feed, among which fertilizer was the main utilization way. Restricted utilization of animal manure factors mainly included the high cost and low profits of livestock and poultry manure, lack of core technical support of utilization of livestock and poultry manure, and planting and breeding area layout and size did not match, large number of substitutes for resource products of livestock manure, lack of product standards of utilization of livestock and poultry manure and the nutrient management system of planting and breeding was imperfect. In view of this, the following countermeasures were proposed, such as increasing the policy support for the utilization of livestock manure resources, establishing and improving the standard system of livestock manure resource products, actively guiding farmers to apply organic fertilizer, and establishing a related system for the management of livestock manure nutrients.