汉语方所格介词的来源及功能扩展模式

The Origins and Patterns of Functional Expansion of the Chinese Locative Prepositions

依据语义来源,汉语史及现代汉语方言中的方所格介词可以分为五大类15小类,所处典型的句法格式则有“prep+NP;+VP”和“VP+prep+NP;”两种,句法格式会影响到功能扩展。依据动作发生前后的位置关系,方所名词大致可以分为源点(夺格)、原点(处所)、经由、终点(向格)四种,大部分方所格介词可以介引多种方位名词。从跨方言共时平面来看,原点与源点、原点与终点、源点与经由用法具有双向演变关系;从历时层面来看,每类词的演变都具有单向性。

According to semantic sources, the locative prepositions in the history of the Chinese language and in modern Chinese dialects can be divided into fifteen subcategories under five categories, the typical syntactic formats of which are “Prep+Place N+VP” and “VP+Prep+Place N”, which affect the functional expansion. According to the relative position before and after the action, the nouns can be roughly divided into four kinds: locative source(ablative), location, path and direction(allative). Most locative prepositions can introduce a variety of location nouns. From the cross-dialectal synchronic perspective, the location and the locative source, the location and the direction, the locative source and the path have bidirectional evolution relations. From the diachronic perspective, the evolution of each type of words is unidirectional.