清至民国青藏高原东缘虫草的商品化与贸易流通

Commercialization and Trade Circulation of the Cordyceps Sinensis in the Eastern of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

康熙年间,随着清廷对青藏高原统治的加强以及汉藏交往交流的密切,虫草开始进入汉文文献。乾隆时,虫草被载入中医典籍。清代前中期,内地民众对虫草的认知发展为虫草的流通及商品化奠定了基础。鸦片战争后,虫草等青藏高原东缘药材成为输入内地甚至海外的重要商品。虫草的商品化过程折射出青藏高原东缘与内地之间商品贸易基本结构的形成过程。包括虫草采挖在内的挖药业,成为近代青藏高原东缘及周边地区群众的重要辅助性生计手段。近代虫草的销场主要集中在我国及东南亚部分地区。因资源稀缺、产量较少,近代虫草比青藏高原东缘的大多数药材昂贵,其消费群体的数量也相当有限。

During the Kangxi period,with the strengthening of the Qing government’s rule over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the close communication between Han and Tibetan,cordyceps sinensis began to be clearly recorded in Chinese literature.In Qianlong Era,cordyceps sinensis was listed in Chinese medical classics.In the early and middle period of the Qing Dynasty,the cognition development of the inland society laid a foundation for the circulation and commercialization of cordyceps sinensis.After the Opium War,cordyceps sinensis and other medicinal materials in the eastern of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau became important commodities which imported into the mainland and overseas.The commercialization of cordyceps sinensis also reflected the formation of the basic structure of trade goods between the eastern of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the inland.The medicinal materials excavation became an important auxiliary means of livelihood for Tibetan and Han people in the eastern of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding areas.The markets for cordyceps sinensis were mainly concentrated in China and parts of Southeast Asia.Because of the scarcity of resources and low yield,cordyceps sinensis was still more expensive than most of the medicinal materials in the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and its consumption group was also very limited.