论著作权合理使用制度的开放化

Discuss on the Opening of the System of Fair Use of Copyright

在网络技术的快速发展下,作品的载体和传播方式发生巨大的变化,公众使用作品的需求大量增加,使用方式呈现多元化,传统的封闭式立法模式的弊端不断显现。《中华人民共和国著作权法》(2020修正)通过引入一般条款和兜底条款完成了向开放式立法模式的转变,增强了合理使用制度的灵活性。但是,一般条款具有天然局限性,我国对于一般条款的规定过于宽泛且未明确其与特殊条款的关系,会造成法律适用上的不确定性。建议我国借鉴四要素分析法完善对一般条款的规定,理顺一般条款相对于特殊条款解释与被解释的关系并明确一般条款与特殊条款的适用顺序。同时,可以参照日本复合式规范结构引入“中间层次”的一般条款,构建三层次的合理使用规范结构,为司法实践提供更为具体的裁判依据。需要注意的是,日本的合理使用结构以领域分割为前提且缺乏“总括式”一般条款,具有一定的局限性。因此,我国在构建开放性合理使用制度时不可照搬他国的经验,而应当通过市场调研了解国内著作权市场的实际需求,构建符合自身国情的合理使用制度。

With the rapid development of network technology,the carrier and communication methods of works have undergone tremendous changes,the public's demand for the use of works has increased greatly,the use of works has been diversified,and the shortcomings of the traditional closed legislative model continue to appear.The"Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China"(2020 Amendment)has completed the transition to an open legislative model by introducing general clauses and comprehensive clauses,enhancing the flexibility of the fair use system.However,the general terms have natural limitations,China's regulations on general terms are too broad and the relationship between them and special terms is not clear,which will cause uncertainty in the application of the law.It is recommended that China learn from the four-element analysis method to improve the provisions of general terms,straighten out the relationship between the interpretation and interpretation of general terms relative to special terms,and clarify the order of application of general terms and special terms.At the same time,it is possible to introduce the general terms of the"middle level"with reference to the Japanese compound regulatory structure to construct a threelevel rational use regulatory structure,so as to provide a more specific basis for judicial practice.It should be noted that Japan's fair use structure presupposes the division of fields and lacks"overall"general clauses,which has certain limitations.Therefore,China cannot copy the experience of other countries when constructing an open and fair use system,instead,should understand the actual needs of domestic copyright market through market research,and build a reasonable use system that suits our own national conditions.