大数据时代商业数据财产权理论的勃兴与批判

The Rise and Criticism of Commercial Data Property Rights in the Big Data Era

随着商业数据财产价值的凸显,学术界提出了商业数据赋权理论,并倾向于为商业数据构建所有权或类似的绝对权。然而,在理论层面,商业数据财产权存在正当性不足与权利要素欠缺的问题,其权利的宽大外衣下包裹的仍然是利益的瘦小身躯。在实效层面,盲目创设新型权利可能带来“数据孤岛”“数据鸿沟”等反公地悲剧,产生“揠苗助长”的负面后果并引发“权利乌龙”效应。在现有的制度中,《反不正当竞争法》提供的行为规制模式恰好与数据产业的发展需求相适配,具有优越性,但还需通过单独列举数据不正当竞争行为的方式来解决该模式中的一般条款滥用问题。此外,侵权法、合同法及版权法保护进路都在特定情形下具有自身优势,能为反不正当竞争法保护模式提供有益补充。现有的多元保护路径能够满足商业数据的保护需求。

Due to the high value of commercial data,the academic community has put forward the theory of business data empowerment and tends to construct ownership or similar absolute rights for business data.However,at the theoretical level,commercial data rights have problems of insufficient legitimacy and lack of elements of property rights,under the generous coat of rights is still the slender body of interests.At the practical level,blindly creating new types of rights may bring about the phenomenon of“data island”,“data divide”and other anti-commons tragedies,lead to negative consequences and“rights oolong”effect.Among the existing laws,the anti-unfair competition law protection model is the best choice because it is compatible with the development of the big data industry and has advantages.But it is also necessary to solve the problem of abuse of general terms by separately enumerating the unfair competition behaviors of data.Besides,the tort law,contract law and copyright law all have their own advantages under certain circumstances and can provide a useful supplement to the anti-law.The existing protection methods can meet the protection needs of commercial data.