王阳明“万物一体”说的义理疏释与道德实践——致良知视角下的本体论、工夫论与境界论

The Interpretation and Moral Practice of Wang Yangming's"Oneness of All Things"--Ontology,Effort Theory and Realm Theory in the perspective of the recuperation of conscience

阳明由致良知所开展的“万物一体”之说,是在传承儒家从先秦“天人合一”到宋明“一体之仁”思想精华的基础上,通过对自身生命历程的反思与体悟,揭示心即是理,赋予良知既内在又超越的理论意义与“成己成物”的道德实践面向,极大地深化和扩展了儒家一体观的意涵。“万物一体”既是阳明对个人生命历程不断反思与体悟的结果,也是其成己、成人、成物道德实践的全幅展现。就本体论而言,阳明“万物一体”之说的良知既是道德主体,也是万物生生之理。就工夫论而言,人道、天道本是一体,与天地万物为一体即致良知之展开,在知行合一过程中亲亲、仁民、爱物。就境界论而言,阳明“万物一体”的至诚至真、至仁至善与至乐至美是三位一体的,只有超越有无之分、物我之隔,化解了有无之间的紧张与物我之间的对立,才能达到“本体即境界,境界即本体”的理想。

Wang Yangming’s doctrine of “oneness of all things” developed from the recuperation of conscience is a reflection and understanding of his own life process based on his inheritance of the essence of Confucianism from the “unity of heaven and man” in the Pre-Qin Period to the “oneness of benevolence” in the time of Song and Ming Dynasties.The “oneness of all things” doctrine reveals that mind is reason, endows conscience both intrinsic and transcendental theoretical meaning, and leads conscience to the moral practice of “self-making and the making of others”, which has greatly enhanced and extended the connotation of the “oneness” idea of Confucianism. It is not only the result of Wang Yangming’s continuous reflection and thinking of his personal life journey, but also a full-scale presentation of his moral practice of self-making, social benefiting and the making of others. In terms of ontology, the conscience of this doctrine is not only the moral subject, but also the law that leads to the dynamics among all things. In terms of his Effort Theory, the laws of man and of the universe are originally one aspect, so, to be with all the things in the universe initiates the unfolding of conscience, and one can achieve different levels of loving to his family, his subjects, and objects in the process of “unity of knowledge and action”. In terms of Realm Theory, the most sincere and the most benevolent in this doctrine form a trinity with the most enjoyable. Only by transcending the distinction between existence and non-existence to resolve the tensions between them, and by transcending the separation of things and self to bridge the discrepancy between them, could the ideal of “self is achievement, and achievement is self” can be realized.