耐低钙花生品种的筛选研究

Screening of Peanut Varieties Resistant to Low-Calcium

花生是广东省重要的经济作物与油料作物之一,然而该地区酸性低钙土壤环境严重制约了花生产业的发展。为筛选适宜广东地区低钙土壤生长的高产优质花生种质,于2020年选用32份花生品种进行大田试验,分别在不施钙与施钙(CaO) 1 200 kg/hm;水平下观察花生收获期的产量构成,以荚果产量耐低钙系数及秕果率耐低钙系数为评价指标,通过聚类分析将32份花生品种分为耐低钙型(Ⅰ类,13个品种)、低钙敏感型(Ⅱ类,12个品种)及极度低钙敏感型(Ⅲ类,7个品种)三个耐低钙等级。通过比较不同耐低钙性水平花生品种的收获期农艺性状、产量构成及籽仁品质发现,在不施钙条件下,不同耐低钙性水平花生品种的农艺性状、籽仁品质的响应情况无太大差异,但低钙敏感型(Ⅱ类)与极度低钙敏感型(Ⅲ类)品种的单株饱果数与荚果产量的下降幅度显著高于耐低钙型(Ⅰ类)品种,且与耐性强的品种相比,低钙敏感型(Ⅱ类)尤其是极度低钙敏感型(Ⅲ类)品种的单株秕果数与秕果率在不施钙条件下大幅提高。对花生收获期各植株性状进行相关分析,结果表明荚果产量与百果质量、单株饱果数、单株秕果数及秕果率呈极显著相关。综上所述,在本试验条件下,与施钙处理相比,耐低钙性强的花生品种是由于在低钙条件下仍具有较高的单株饱果数,同时保持单株秕果数及秕果率在较低水平,从而获得更稳定的产量性状,更加适宜广东省酸性低钙土壤的种植。

Peanut is one of the most important cash and oil crops in Guangdong Province, but the acidic low-calcium soil environment in this area seriously restricts the development of peanut industry. In order to screen the high-yielding and high-quality peanut varieties suitable for planting at low-calcium soil in Guangdong, 32 peanut varieties were selected by field testing in 2020, and the yield components of peanut at harvest period was observed under the levels of calcium-free and 1,200 kg/ha calcium fertilizer(CaO), with low-calcium tolerance coefficients(LCTC) of pod yield and blighted-fruit rate as evaluation indexes. Through cluster analysis, 32 peanut varieties were divided into 3 levels of resistance to low-calcium including low-calcium resistance type(Class I, 13 varieties), low-calcium sensitive type(Class II, 12 varieties) and extremely low-calcium sensitive type(Class III, 7 varieties). By comparing the harvesting agronomic traits, yield composition and kernel quality of peanut varieties with different resistance levels to low-calcium, it was found that under the condition of none calcium application, the response of peanut varieties with different resistance levels to low-calcium was similar, but the decrease of pod yield and full-fruit number per plant of varieties with extremely low-calcium sensitive type(Class III) and low-calcium sensitive type(Class II) was significantly higher than that of low-calcium resistance type(Class I) varieties. Compared with the highly resistant varieties, the blighted-fruit number per plant and blighted-fruit rate of low-calcium sensitive(Class II) and extremely low-calcium sensitive(Class III) varieties increased significantly under none calcium fertilization. The relevant analysis of the plant traits during the peanut harvest period showed that the pod yield was significantly related to the 100-pod mass, full-fruit number per plant, blighted-fruit number per plant and blighted-fruit rate. In summary, under the condition of this test, compared with the calcium application treatment, the peanut varieties with strong low-calcium resistance was due to the high full-fruit number per plant and maintaining of low level of blighted-fruit number per plant and blighted-fruit rate under low calcium conditions, so as to obtain the more stable yield characteristics, and was more suitable for the cultivation at acidic low-calcium soil in Guangdong.