膜下滴灌分次施肥对花生衰老特性和产量的影响

Effects of Fractional Fertilization by Drip Irrigation under Plastic Film on Senescence and Yield of Peanut

为明确膜下滴灌条件下花生高产栽培适宜的施肥方式,以青花7号花生品种为材料,以不灌水不追肥为对照,在花生生育期间施肥总量相同的情况下,设置7个追肥处理,开展两年大田试验,研究了膜下滴灌分次施肥对花生衰老特性和产量的影响。结果表明,不同时期追肥均可不同程度提高花生叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量。其中,追施1次肥以花针期追施效果最好,其次为结荚期,饱果期追肥效果最差;追施2次肥则以花针期和结荚期追施效果最好;分次追肥较只追施1次肥的效果好,但追施3次肥的效果不是最好的。不同时期追肥均可不同程度增加花生单株结果数和荚果质量而增产,在追施1次肥的情况下,追肥时期早的主要是依靠增加单株结果数而增加产量,追肥时期晚的主要依靠增加荚果质量而增加产量;分次追肥则既能保证较多的单株结果数,又能确保提高荚果质量而增产,但追施3次肥处理对花生单株结果数和荚果质量的提高效果不是最好的。因而,本试验在基施一定量复合肥的基础上,以花针期和结荚期各追施1次肥的效果为最佳。

This study was designed to clarify the suitable fertilization method for high-yield cultivation of peanut by drip irrigation under plastic film. Peanut variety Qinghua7 was selected as material with no irrigation and no topdressing as control, seven topdressing treatments were set under the same total amount of fertilization during peanut growth, and the effects of fractional fertilization by drip irrigation under plastic film on peanut senescence characteristics and yield were studied. The results from the 2-year field experiment showed that topdressing at different stages increased the leaf chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, activities of SOD and POD, while reduced MDA content. Among the treatments, topdressing at flowering-pegging stage showed the best effect, followed by pod-bearing stage, while topdressing at full-fruit stage showed the worst effect, when topdressing only once. Topdressing twice respectively at flowering-pegging stage and pod-bearing stage was the best combination. The effect of topdressing thrice was better than topdressing only once, whereas the effect of topdressing thrice was not the best. Topdressing at different growth periods could increase the number of fruits per plant and fruit mass to varying degrees. Under the condition of topdressing once, the early topdressing period mainly depends on increasing the number of fruits per plant to increase the yield, and the late topdressing period mainly depends on increasing the fruit mass to increase the yield. Multiple topdressing could not only ensure more fruit number per plant, but also increase fruit mass and yield, however, topdressing thrice was not the best to improve fruit number and fruit mass per plant. Therefore, on the basis of applying a certain amount of compound fertilizer, the best effect was to apply fertilizer twice at flowering-pegging stage and pod-bearing stage, respectively.