学诗当以子美为诗:陈师道的学杜理论

On CHEN Shi-dao’s Theories in Learning DU Fu’s Poems

陈师道不仅是杜诗的优秀学习者,而且提出了一套较为可行的学杜方法:杜诗“无不有”、“有规矩”故可学;指出善学者不可满足于窃取杜诗的语句,而应该“体其格”“高其意”“炼其字”,句法要“简而工”;黄庭坚学杜得法而不为杜,乃善学杜诗者,故学诗当先学黄而后学杜,以求“各自成家”。陈师道的学杜理论全面、深刻、系统,是宋代杜诗学非常重要的贡献。

Chen Shidao was not only an excellent student of Du Fu’s poetry,but also proposed a set of practical methods:because Du Fu’s poetry style is rich and regular,it can be learned.A good learner should not be content to steal the language of Du Fu’s poetry,but should learn the whole literary effect,profound ideas,accurate words and concise sentences of Du Fu’s poetry.Since Huang Tingjian did not simply imitate Du Fu’s poetry,he was an excellent student of Du Fu’s poetry,so if we want to study Du Fu’s poetry,we should start by studying Huang Tingjian,and the next step is to directly learn Du Fu's poetry,finally form a personal style.These views were comprehensive,profound and systematic,which was a very important contribution to the research about Du Fu in the Song Dynasty.