中国近代的“造国”论争与实践演变趋向

The Debate on“the Creation of a Country”in Modern China and Its Trend of Evolution

陈独秀1922年发表的《造国论》尽管只是对当时革命目的提出的一家之说,但创建一个现代民主国家却是近代先进国人对中国社会现代转型的共同诉求。从数十年的论争看,近代先进国人的确都抓住了创建现代民主国的关键--法治。近代中国,从清末预备立宪起就开启了创建法治国家的运动,变法失败后,维新群体的立宪活动、辛亥革命、捍卫共和斗争、国民革命运动及南京国民政府的建政等,虽然具体内容差异极大,但均行进在创建民主法治国的轨道上,且无论理论论争或实际追寻都未找到可通之途。创造民主法治新国问题仍就留存在近代史上。

Although Chen Duxiu's“On the Creation of a Country”published in 1922 was only his own doctrine for the purpose of revolution at that time,the creation of a modern democratic country was the common demand of far-sighted Chinese people for the modern transformation of Chinese society.Judging from decades of debates,these pioneers had indeed grasped the key to the establishment of a modern democratic country-the rule of law.In modern China,the movement of establishing a country under the rule of law began from the Preparation of Constitutionalism in the late Qing dynasty.After the failure of the reform,the Constitutional Activities of the Reform Group,the Revolution of 1911,the Struggle to Defend the Republic,the National Revolutionary Movement and the Political Construction of the Nanjing National Government,although varied considerably in terms of the specific contents,were all on the track of establishing a democratic country under the rule of law,and these attempts all failed in both theoretical debate and practical pursuit.The task of creating a new country of democracy under the rule of law remained a problem to be resolved in that period of modern history.