礼乐精神与女子教育--“《关雎》之义”辨证

On Women's Education and the Rites and Music in Western Zhou-A Re-examination of“Guan Ju”

《关雎》最初是用于女子教育的作品。《关雎》的叙述者是女子教育的主持者后妃,她教给年轻女子采摘荇菜和准备祭祀等劳动技能,让她们学会相互协作和配合,同时使用琴瑟钟鼓之乐教育年轻女子达成性情之平和,养成内在心性气质和外在容貌举止的淑善。马王堆汉墓出土帛书《五行》以及“上博简”《孔子诗论》都只是用诗,与《关雎》之义没有直接关联。《史记》“周道缺,诗人本之衽席,《关雎》作”和“周室衰而《关雎》作”两条材料,习惯视作《关雎》讽刺说和诗篇晚出的关键证据,但历来对这两则材料的理解存在断章取义之弊,属于严重误读。《关雎》是周人制礼作乐最早的重要作品之一,表征了周文化的礼乐精神和对女子教育的高度重视。

Guan Ju(关雎)was originally used for women's education.The narrator of Guan Ju is the empress,who is the chief person of women's education.She teaches young women to learn how to pick Xingcai(荇菜)and prepare sacrifices,and to cooperate with each other.She uses the music of Qin(琴),Se(瑟),bell and drum to make them achieve the virtue of inner temperament and outer appearance.The Five Elements(五行)of the silk manuscriptions unearthed from Mawangdui Han tomb and Confucius's Discussion of the Odes(孔子诗论)of the Chu bamboo slips in Shanghai Museum only quoted the Book of Songs,which are not directly related to the meaning of Guan Ju.The two places that mention the composition of Guan Ju in Shi Ji(Records of the Grand Historian)are traditionally regarded as the key evidence of the satire and the late publication of Guan Ju;however,they have been misinterpreted.Guan Ju is one of the earliest important works of establishing the Rites and Music in Western Zhou.It represents the spirit of rites and music of Zhou culture and its tradition of paying attention to women's education.