土地零租金流转与农业生产效率损失

Zero Rent Transfer of Land and Loss of Agricultural Production Efficiency

土地零租金流转在"熟人社会"和"差序格局"特征明显的农村地区广泛存在。利用2015年中国家庭金融调查数据,检验了土地流转中的零租金现象对农业生产效率的边际影响和可能的作用机制。结果表明:土地零租金流转显著降低了农业生产的土地效率和劳动效率并扩大了农业生产中的技术无效率部分,尤其是对转入方向为普通农户和种植类型为经济作物以及土地租约期限过短或者过长的转入户带来的农业生产效率损失更加明显。具体的作用路径有两条:一是"零租金—农业生产投资不足—农业生产效率损失",其中零租金对长期农业生产投资的挤出效应显著大于短期农业生产投资;二是"零租金—土地保护意愿下降—农业生产效率损失"。进一步研究发现,农业技术指导对零租金引致的农业生产效率损失具有缓解作用;农地确权并不能抑制土地流转中的零租金现象,但土地流转中介服务能够有效减少农户的土地零租金流转行为。因此,地方政府需要提高农业投资补贴,加快推进农业技术指导服务,积极构建统一开放、秩序规范、双向开放的农村土地流转市场,以减少土地零租金流转引致的农业生产效率损失。

Zero rent transfer of land exists widely in rural areas with obvious characteristics of “acquaintance society” and “differential order pattern”. Based on the data of Chinese household financial survey in 2015, this paper examines the marginal impact of zero rent in land transfer on agricultural production efficiency and its possible mechanism. The results show that the zero rent transfer of land significantly reduces the land efficiency and labor efficiency of agricultural production and expands the part of technical inefficiency in agricultural production, especially for the loss of agricultural production efficiency caused by the transfer direction of ordinary farmers, the planting type of cash crops and the transfer households whose land lease term is too short or too long. And there are two specific action paths. One is “zero rent-insufficient investment in agricultural production-loss of agricultural production efficiency”, in which the crowding out effect of zero rent on long-term investment in agricultural production is significantly greater than that of short-term investment in agricultural production. The other is “zero rent-decline of willingness to protect cultivated land-loss of agricultural production efficiency”. Further research shows that agricultural technology guidance can alleviate the loss of agricultural production efficiency caused by zero rent. The confirmation of agricultural land ownership can not inhibit the phenomenon of zero rent in land transfer, but the intermediary service of land transfer can effectively reduce the behavior of farmers’ land zero rent transfer. Therefore, local governments need to increase agricultural investment subsidies, speed up the promotion of agricultural technical guidance services, and actively build a unified and open, orderly and two-way rural land circulation market, in order to reduce the loss of agricultural production efficiency caused by land zero rent transfer.