自然状态学说与马克思“三形态”理论的比较研究

A Comparative Study Between the State of Nature and Marx's Theory of“Three Forms”

马克思关于人类社会发展的“三形态”理论全面揭示出文明进步的阶梯式递进,回溯近代启蒙主义的自然状态学说,那里同样存在着由低级到高级的社会进步观。比较两种社会进步观的线索显示,自然状态学说在判断社会进步时仅仅依据理性的独断,衡量社会进步尺度时停留于道德的复归,探索社会进步趋势时桎梏于永恒自然;而“三形态”理论以实践生成为逻辑出发点,判断社会进步依据生产力水平的高低,衡量社会进步尺度以生产关系演进为核心,探索社会进步趋势以世界历史的整体性进行观照,形态更替的历史自觉超越了资产阶级学者的狭隘视野。

Marx's theory of“Three Forms”on the development of human society fully revealed the multistep progress of civilization.Looking back to the theory of the state of nature from the modern Enlightenment,there also existed the views of social progress from low to high.The comparison of the two views on social progress showed that the theory of the state of nature is only based on the dogmatism of reason when judging social progress,the measure of social progress remains in the return of morality,and the exploration of the trends of social progress is shackled in the eternal nature.However,the theory of“Three Forms”,taking practice as the logical starting point,judges social progress according to the levels of productivity,measures social progress with the evolution of production relationships as the core,and explores the trends of social progress from the whole of the world history.Thus,the change of forms based on historical consciousness goes beyond the narrow view of the bourgeois scholars.