外泌体的生物学功能及牛乳源性外泌体资源开发进展

Advances in Biological Function of Exosomes and Resources Development of Bovine Milk-Derived Exosomes

外泌体是一种天然存在于动物体液中的纳米颗粒,能够包裹丰富的核酸、蛋白质和脂质等生物活性物质,是介导细胞间通讯的有力载体。牛乳源性外泌体可抵御摄入者或犊牛胃肠道消化酶的降解,将其包裹的活性内容物传递至靶器官发挥信号传递作用。近期研究表明,牛乳源性外泌体含有大量免疫相关RNA和蛋白质,可调控犊牛的生长发育,尤其是免疫系统的完善。然而,牛乳源性外泌体也可能通过其内含miRNA向人类引入新的病原体,增加巨大胎儿、肥胖、心血管疾病等一系列疾病发生的风险。因此,本文综述了外泌体的分子组成、分选机制、分离技术及其生物学功能,为进一步探索牛乳源性外泌体的潜在应用提供参考。

Exosomes are nanoparticles that naturally exist in body fluids,encapsulated with bioactive substances such as nucleic acids,proteins,and lipids,and are powerful carriers for cell-to-cell communication.Bovine milk-derived exosomes could overcome the harsh conditions in the gastrointestinal tract of the ingester or calf,and the cargos are transferred to target organs to play a specific role.Recent studies have shown that bovine milk-derived exosomes contain abundant immune-related RNA and proteins,which can regulate the growth and development of calves,especially the improvement of the immune system.However,bovine milk-derived exosomes may also introduce new pathogens into humans through their contained miRNAs,increasing the risk of a series of diseases such as giant fetuses,obesity,and cardiovascular diseases.Therefore,this review summarized the molecular composition,sorting mechanism,isolation technology and biological functions of exosomes,which provides a reference for further exploring the potential applications of bovine milk-derived exosomes.