清末新政与奏折制度变迁

Study on Memorials System in the Late Qing Dynasty

庚子事变爆发后,两宫西逃至西安,军机处奏准全面暂行改题为奏,接着,湖广总督张之洞提出了暂行改题为奏方案。光绪二十七年八月,清廷颁布废除题本、改题为奏上谕,之后,两江总督刘坤一提出了比较全面的执行办法。改题为奏之后,外省奏折数量大增,加重了皇帝处理折件的负担,并导致一些不良后果。宣统二年,宪政编查馆提请各省循例具奏事件改咨各部,得到了摄政王的部分批准。随后,在内阁官制的拟订中,奏事权问题成为重要的争议点。宣统三年下半年,责任内阁成立后,与各部酝酿重要事件须经阁议,并缩小各部具奏事件范围。辛亥革命爆发后,袁世凯内阁成立,更是垄断奏事权,清朝皇权名存实亡。清末新政的迅速推进,导致奏折制度的快速变革,甚至动摇了皇权的根基。

After the Boxer Incident broke out,Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu fled West to Xi’an,The Grand Council proposed entirely suspending files,converting to memorials.Then the Huguang governor Zhang Zhidong proposed a comprehensive practical scheme.In August 1901,the central government abolished the files,used memorials instead.Then,Liangjiang governor Liu Kunyi proposed comprehensive enforcement measures.Afterwards,the number of provincial memorials greatly increased,aggravated the load of the emperor,and cause some adverse consequences.In 1910,the Constitutional Compiled and Investigation Bureau advised using official communications to replace ordinary provincial memorials,which partly approved by the Prince Regent.In the formulation of the official system of the Cabinet,the issue of the right to use memorial to the emperor has become an important controversial point.And then,the Cabinet and every Ministry discussed to narrow the scope of memerial using.After Revolution of 1911,the right to use memorial was monopolized by Yuan Shikai Cabinet,which meant the decline of the imperial power.The rapid development of the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty led to the rapid change of memorial system,and even shaken the foundation of imperial power.