民国时期江淮地区气象观测站的时空演变与资源配置

Spatial-Temporal Evolution and Resource Allocation of Observatory in Jianghuai region during the Republic of China

民国时期江淮地区气象观测体系由测候所、雨量站、水文站、水位站组成。1912—1927年,气象观测重点服务于河湖治理,空间发展不均衡,主要分布于环洪泽湖、沂沭泗水系;1928—1937年间,观测站点快速发展,形成了以淮河干流—洪泽湖—里运河、长江—太湖为主的气象观测分布带;1938—1945年,受日本侵华影响,大部分站点遭严重破坏;1946—1949年,观测站得到一定恢复。观测站因类型不同,财物等资源配置各有侧重,但其职能分工有序,总体涵盖了大气、水文两大监测内容,构成了一套较为完善的气象观测系统。江淮地区气象观测站在灾害、工程、兵燹等多重因素影响下曲折发展。

During the Republic of China(1911-1945),the meteorological observation system in the Jianghuai(江淮)was composed of meteorological stations,precipitation stations,hydrometric stations,and water level stations.The study shows the service of the observatories in managing rivers and lakes,the uneven spatial development of the observatories,and the distribution in the surrounding Hongze Lake(洪泽湖)and Yishusi Rives Basin(沂沭泗流域)from 1912 to 1927.From 1928 to 1937,meteorological observatories developed rapidly with the erection of two observation zones along Huaihe Rivers(淮河),Hongze Lake,Li Canal(里运河),the Yangtze River,and Taihu Lake(太湖).From 1938 to 1945,most of the stations were damaged seriously because of the Second Sino-Japanese War.After that,the system of the observatory has recovered to some extent.These observatories were divided into different types for their functions,so the allocation of resources had emphasis around them in the instrument,personnel,and property aspects.They generally covered atmospheric and hydrological monitoring,and became a complete observatory system considerably.This system was dynamic under various elements like disasters,engineering construction,and wars.