日本核废水排海的责任:国际责任与预期违约责任

Japan's Liability for Discharging Nuclear Wastewater Into the Sea:International Liability and Anticipatory Breach Liability

海洋是人类的共同财富、食物宝库,以及平衡全球生态环境的重要一环。《联合国海洋法公约》明确保护和保全海洋环境的缔约国义务,一国违背国际义务的不法行为必将引起该国的国际责任。尽管目前日本的核废水排海决定尚未引起国际责任,但是当日本将核废水排入海洋,造成海洋环境不可恢复的损害时,追究其国际责任则为“亡羊补牢”,为时已晚。追究国际责任是事后“防守”的后置补救措施,不能阻止引起国际责任的不法行为的发生。因此,当前国际社会应更加关注前置措施,寻找阻止日本于2023年将核废水排入大海的“进攻”和“积极”措施。其中,国际法院和国际海洋法法庭的临时措施,以及国际私法领域的“预期违约责任”可为问题的解决提供新的思路。

The ocean is the common wealth of mankind,a treasure trove of food,and an important part of a balanced global ecology.The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)clearly states the obligation of a contracting party to protect and preserve the marine environment.The illegal act of a country that violates its international obligations will inevitably lead to the country's international liability.Although Japan's decision to discharge nuclear waste water into the sea has not yet given rise to its international liability,when Japan discharges nuclear wastewater into the sea and causes irreversible damage to the marine environment,it will be too late to hold it accountable.International liability is an after-the-fact"defensive"remedy,which cannot prevent the occurrence of illegal acts that cause international liability.Therefore,the international community should focus more on"proactive"and"positive"measures to prevent Japan from discharging nuclear waste water into the sea in 2023.The provisional measures of the International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and the"anticipatory breach liability"in the field of private international law may provide new ideas for the solution of the problem.