论音系中的隐性对立和隐性匹配--以德宏傣语对云南汉语声调的匹配为例

Covert Contrast and Covert Matching in Phonology一Taking the Tone Matching between Dehong Dai and Yunnan Chinese as an Example

云南德宏芒市镇-带的汉语,人声全部归人阳平,芒市汉母语者已经不能区分人声和阳平的对立,但是德宏芒市镇老-代的傣族母语者仍然能够区分芒市汉语借词中的人声字和阳平字,包括现代芒市汉语借词中的人声字和阳平字,这说明现代芒市汉语中人声字和阳平字有潜在的差异,只是汉族母语人和汉族调查人听不出来,语图也反映不出来,可以把这种潜在的差异称为隐性对立,芒市傣母语者从汉语系统外进行的这种一对二匹配可称为隐性匹配。隐性匹配条件对应于对象语言的历史音变条件,没有违反音变规则。汉语音韵史研究中关于重纽是否存在的证论可能和隐性对立有关系。

In the Chinese dialect of Mangshi,Y unnan,the Rusheng tone has evolved into the Yangping tone.Native Chinese speakers in Mangshi cannot differentiate Rusheng from Yangping.However,the old generation of native Dai speakers there are still capable of differentiating between the two cate gories in Chinese loanwords,including modern Chinese loanwords.It means there indeed exists some distinction between Y angping and Rusheng in modern Mangshi dialect.However,the distinction is hidden in that it cannot be distinguished by speakers,fieldworkers or spectrograms.We may name this type of distinction as Covert Contrast and the matching mode,like the one-to-two matching by native Dai speakers in Mangshi,as Covert Matching.The covert matching follows the historical sound change rules of target languages.The existence of Chongniu in traditional Chinese phonological studies may be relevant to covert contrast.