十三辙与现代北京歌谣的押韵分部:定量分析的证据

Shisan Zhe and the Rhyming Group in Modern Beijing Folk Poetry:The Evidence of Quantitative Analyses

十三辙是明清以来流行于官话地区的民间韵文押韵系统,它是否能够代表现代北京话的押韵分辙,学界一直存在争议,其中的一七、坡梭、人辰、中东是否应该拆分成更多韵辙是争议的焦点。本文借鉴并改造了前人提出的统计学方法,以晚清以来近100年间的2600多首北京民间歌谣为语料,以十三辙为对照体系,定量考察韵母和韵辙之间的押韵亲疏关系。本文以辙离合指数确定任意两个韵母是否应该并人同一辙,以韵离合指数确定一.辙之内的韵母是否有分小辙的倾向。统计学的结果表明,北京现代民间歌谣的押韵实践基本上与十三辙相符,最大的不同之处在于一七辙的四个韵母有分为齐鱼和支思两辙的趋势。除一七辙以外,所有韵辙内都没有出现明显的再分小辙的倾向。论文基于统计结果分析了押韵与音位和音值之间的缠结关系,也讨论了目前所用统计方法的缺陷。

Shisan Zhe(thirteen-rhyming-groups)has been a popular rhyme categorization system of folk poetry in Mandarin areas since Ming and Qing Dynasties.However,linguists have no agreement on whether this system is consistent with the rhyme classification in modern Beijing Mandarin,the rhyme groups of Yiqi,Posuo,Renchen,and Zhongdong being the controversial foci.This paper modifies the statistical methods proposed in previous studies to investigate quantitively the rhyming relationship of all the finals in Beijing Mandarin based on over 2,600 folk poems during about 100 years from the late Qing dynasty to 2000,Shisan-Zhe-system being a comparing reference.The parameter rhyming-relation-index is designed to determine the actual division of rthyming groups in the material,and the parameter final-relation-index to determine if sub-rhyming-groups exist within a big group.The statistical results show that the rhyming practice of Beijing modern folk poetry is roughly consistent with Shisan-Zhe-system,and the most significant difference is that the four finals in the Yiqi group tend to split into the two,Qiyu and Zhisi.Except for the Yiqi group,there is no obvious indication of further division in each rhyme group.In addition,this paper analyzes the phonological and phonetic effects that superimposed on rhyming practice and discusses the defects of the current quantitative methods based on the statistical results.