预防理念的更新与环境法典污染控制编的制度实现

The Renewal of “Prevention” and Its Realization in the Pollution Control Part of the Environmental Code

为增进法典编纂的体系性与协调性,梳理各污染控制单行法的相互关系并发现其制度构造的内在逻辑尤为必要。基于基本原则向上归纳和向下延展的功能,作为环境法"帝王"原则的预防原则能够为理顺污染控制编的制度逻辑提供一个有益的分析工具。预防原则传统上指向对确定性损害和可预知危险的预防,主要采取命令与控制手段对污染进行控制。但晚近以来,预防的重心开始向不确定风险推进,污染控制编需要回应预防理念的更新对传统污染控制制度进行"风险化改造"。具体而言,可以在"通则"设置预防的一般条款并对共通制度加以规定,在各论部分则对不同污染类型引发的危险和风险进行具体管控。

In order to enhance the systematization and coordination of the codification, it is necessary to sort out the interrelationship of the individual pollution control laws and discover the internal logic of their institutional structure. Based on the function of generalizing upward and extending downward of fundamental principles, the preventative principle, which is the "imperial" principle of environmental law, can provide a useful analytical tool for rationalizing the institutional logic of pollution control codification. The preventative principle has traditionally pointed to the prevention of deterministic damages and foreseeable hazards, mainly by means of command and control to control pollution. However, the focus of prevention has recently shifted to uncertain risks, and the pollution control codification requires a "risk-based transformation" of the traditional pollution control system in response to the renewal of the concept to precaution. Specifically, the general provisions of prevention can be set up in the "General Provisions" and the common system can be stipulated, while the specific control of hazards and risks arising from different types of pollution can be carried out in the monograph section.