关于备案审查结果溯及力的几个基础问题——兼与王锴、孙波教授商榷

Several Basic Questions about the Retroactive Effect of Recording Review——Discussion with Professor Wang Kai and Professor Sun Bo

备案审查结果的溯及力问题是整个备案审查制度的收官之笔,关系到法秩序稳定和公民权利保护等重大法律价值,亟需填补立法空白。需要澄清的是,溯及力的主体是被撤销、修改或废止的规范性文件,溯及力的具体对象分为确定的司法裁判(刑事、行政和民事裁判)、确定的行政行为(受益和负担行政行为)、原因案件、不确定的司法裁判、规范性文件、不确定的行政行为、民事行为,溯及的后果包括撤销、再审、不予执行、返还给付和国家赔偿。在判断是否溯及时,世界各国在法的一致性、法的安定性和个案正义间进行利益衡量,从而形成了多样化的溯及力制度。我国应充分考虑法治的长远目标与阶段性目标的辩证关系,构建一种渐进式的备案审查溯及力模式。

It is the end of the whole recording review system how to check whether the system of recording review is retroactive, which is related to the stability of legal order and the protection of civil rights and other important legal values, so it is urgent to fill the legislative gap. Just to be clear, the subject of retroactivity is cancelled, modified or annulled normative documents;the concrete object of retroactivity is divided into definitive judicial judgments(criminal, administrative and civil judgment), definitive administrative actions(beneficial and burdensome administrative actions), cause cases, indefinite judicial judgments, normative documents, indefinite administrative actions and civil actions;the consequences of retroactivity including cancel, retrial, non-enforcement, return the payment and state compensation. In judging whether the system of recording review is retroactive, all countries in the world weigh the interests between the consistency of law, the stability of law and the justice of individual cases, thus formed a variety of retroactivity system. Our country should fully consider the dialectical relationship between the long-term goal and the stage goal of the rule of law, build a progressive retroactivity model.