教育—工作错配对劳动力收入的影响——基于中国城市劳动力调查的实证研究

The Impact of Education-Job Mismatch on Labor Income:An Empirical Research Based on China Urban Labor Survey

本文基于2016年第四轮中国城市劳动力调查数据,考察了教育—工作的错配对劳动力收入水平的影响。通过控制代表个人能力的一组工作技能禀赋变量,利用工具变量法和倾向得分匹配法,本文处理了模型可能存在的内生性问题,并通过调节效应分析了劳动者的过度教育状态对收入影响的异质性。研究发现,与具有相同受教育年限的适度教育者相比,过度教育者的收入显著更低,教育不足者的收入显著更高;在处理了过度教育的内生性问题后,其对收入的影响依然显著为负;劳动者年龄的增长和工作经验的积累会加剧其过度教育状态对收入的负面影响,而认知能力的提升能够有效缓解其过度教育状态对收入的负面影响。上述结论带来的启示是,政府需要创造更加普惠公平的受教育机会和条件,以提升劳动者的认知能力,也需要为企业加快转型升级速度营造良好的创新环境,进而从源头上降低过度教育对劳动者收入水平产生的负面影响。

Based on the 2016 China Urban Labor Survey data, this paper examines the impact of education-job mismatch on labor income. By controlling a set of skill endowment variables on personal ability, and using instrumental variable method as well as propensity score matching, this paper mitigates the endogenous problem. We also analyze the heterogeneity of over-education’s impact on labor income through a moderation-effect model. This paper finds that, compared with those right-educated with the same years of education, income of the over-educated is significantly lower and that of under-educated is significantly higher. After controlling for the endogenous problem, over-education’s impact on income is still significantly negative. Getting older and accumulating years of work experience will exacerbate the negative impact of over-education on income, while the improvement of cognitive ability can effectively alleviate the negative impact of over-education. The implication from the conclusions above is that the government could create more inclusive and fair education opportunities to enhance workers’ cognitive ability as well as good innovation environment for enterprises to accelerate transformation and upgrading, then reducing the negative impact of over-education on labor income from the source.