东晋“儒官”的设职、选任及其政治性

The Establishment,Selection and Political Nature of“Confucian Officials”in the Eastern Jin Dynasty

东晋太学建于司马睿称帝的前一年(317),国学立于咸康三年(337)。国学在永和八年(352)遭到罢废后,又于太元九年(384)复建。东晋太学博士之制经历了从五博士制到九博士制,再到十一博士制、十六博士制的发展过程。太学、国子博士的选任虽以明经为首要标准,但仍是政治场域的人事安排。东晋前中期,博士被朝廷视作政治资源用以巩固地方统治。朝廷以博士征召的方式笼络地位边缘的会稽士族。与琅邪王氏争夺江州的颍川庾氏,则以荐举江州人物来争取民心。淝水之战后,博士的议政权及太学、国学的政治象征性,被孝武帝加以凸显并运用在与门阀的政治博弈中。

The Imperial College of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was built in the year before SIMA Rui became emperor(317),and the Imperial Academy was established in the third year of Xiankang(337).After the abolition of the Imperial Academy in the eighth year of Yonghe(352),it was rebuilt in the ninth year of Taiyuan(384).The doctorate system of Imperial College in the Eastern Jin Dynasty experienced the development process from five doctorate system to nine doctorate system,and then to eleven doctorate system and sixteen doctorate system.Although the selection of Imperial College and Imperial Academy doctor took Confucian learning as the primary standard,it was still the personnel arrangement in the political field.In the early and middle of the Eastern Jin Dynasty,doctors were regarded as political resources and used in the treatment of the relationship between the imperial court and local society.The imperial court appeased the gentry in Kuaiji on the edge by recruiting doctors;The YU clan from Yingchuan,who competed with the WANG clan from Langya for Jiangzhou,won the hearts of the people by recommending Jiangzhou figures.After the Feishui War,the political symbolism of the doctor’s political power,Imperial College and Imperial Academy was highlighted by Emperor Xiaowu and applied in the political game of adjusting the Aristocratic policy.