Optimization of immunotherapy for patients with hepatobiliary cancer

Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)has been shown its benefit for patients with various types of cancers(1,2).Sahara et al.recently reported the utilization of immunotherapy in the United States among patients with hepatobiliary cancer in Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition(3).In recent years,immunotherapy has become an increasingly popular choice for cancer patients.In practice,however,the choice is biased not only by the progression of the tumor stage,but also by patients'socioeconomic status.In other words,the choice of immunotherapy has not been sufficiently optimized.