数据要素参与收入分配:理论分析、事实依据与实践路径

The Participation of Data Elements in Income Distribution:Theoretical Analysis,Factual Basis and Practical Path

数据要素已成为数字经济时代的战略资源。依循马克思的劳动价值论与分配理论,数据要素参与收入分配是数据要素所有权的经济实现。数据要素融入社会再生产之后,在生产力促进机制、流通效率改善机制、消费扩容提质机制、分配结构优化机制的作用下,内生了财富增进效应。在数字经济时代,数据要素的有机融合塑造了数字增长动能,推动了经济“数智化”转型,改善了宏观调控效率。数据要素参与收入分配的实践,应以清晰界定不同类型数据的权属范围为逻辑起点,从法理上避免违法违规使用或交易数据对其要素化、资源化的制约;建立健全由均衡价格参照机制、询价竞价机制与公允估价机制构成的数据要素价格生成机制,使数据要素市场交易定价更加科学;在以市场交易为数据要素参与收入分配主要方式的基础上,培育鼓励“估价作股、数字租金、以数易数或以数易商(服)”等新形式参与收入分配,促进数据要素沿着资源化、资本化、资产化的价值链拓展收益;加强数据流通监管,加快涉及数据确权、隐私保护、数据寡头垄断等相关法律的立法、修法与释法工作,促进确保数据要素收益公平分配的制度体系的构建与完善。

Data elements have become strategic resources in the era of digital economy.According to Marx's labor value theory and distribution theory,the participation of data elements in income distribution is the economic realization of data element ownership.After the data elements are integrated into social reproduction,the wealth enhancement effect is endogenous under the role of productivity promotion mechanism,circulation efficiency improvement mechanism,consumption expansion and quality improvement mechanism and distribution structure optimization mechanism.In the era of digital economy,the organic integration of data elements has shaped the driving force of digital growth,promoted the transformation of economic"digital intelligence"and improved the efficiency of macro-control.The practice of data elements participating in income distribution should take clearly defining the ownership scope of different types of data as the logical starting point,and legally avoid the restriction of illegal use or transaction data on its elementalization and resource;establish and improve the data element price generation mechanism composed of balanced price reference mechanism,inquiry and bidding mechanism and fair valuation mechanism,so as to make the transaction pricing of data element market more scientific.On the basis of taking market transactions as the main way for data elements to participate in income distribution,we should cultivate and encourage new forms of participation in income distribution,such as"valuation for shares,digital rent,trading by numbers or trading by numbers(services)",and promote data elements to expand income along the value chain of resource,capitalization and asset.We should strengthen the supervision of data circulation,accelerate the legislation,amendment and interpretation of relevant laws related to data right confirmation,privacy protection and data oligopoly,and promote the construction and improvement of the system to ensure the fair distribution of data element income.