海事行政“责令类”行为定性的规范审视

Normative review on the characterization of ordering acts in maritime administration

海事行政“责令类”行为定性依据涉及法律、法规、规章的各级规范的统合。通过《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》的精神框定,可发现海事领域的下位法规范中的“责令类”行为在规整时仍存在大量表述类似而属性不同的现象。立法上的定性不准,导致了司法实践中对“责令类”行为的认定失序。大陆法系国家有关命令性行为的理论对“责令类”行为在中国的理论归类有助益功能。英美法系的令状制度实际上反衬出中国在“责令类”行政命令领域仍有很大制度空间。对海事行政“责令类”行为进行准确定性,需要对海事行政“责令类”行为正名别类,处理好各种“责令类”行为的表述与衔接,对海事行政“责令类”行为的名称也需要进一步模式化,通过完善自由裁量标准以实现“责令类”行为的效果落地。

The qualitative reference basis of ordering acts in maritime administration involves the integration of laws and norms at all levels,including laws,regulations and rules.Through the spiritual guidance of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Administrative Penalty,it can be found that the ordering acts in the lower-level legal norms in maritime field are being integrated,but there are still a large number of similar expressions with different natures of acts.The uncertainty of legislation leads to the disorder of the identification of ordering acts in judicial practice.The theory of ordering acts in civil law countries is helpful to the theoretical classification of ordering acts in China.In fact,the writ system of common law system reflects that there is still a lot of institutional space for ordering administrative orders in China.In order to accurately determine the natures of ordering acts in maritime administration,it is necessary to correct the name and category of ordering acts in maritime administration,deal with the formulation and connection of various ordering acts,further pattern the name of ordering acts in maritime administration,and realize the legal effect of ordering acts through the improvement of discretionary standards.