Pancreatic cancer: genetics, disease progression, therapeutic resistance and treatment strategies

Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease and the third-highest cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States.It has a very low five-year survival rate(<5%)in the United States as well as in the world(about 9%).The current gemcitabine-based therapy soon becomes ineffective because treatment resistance and surgical resection also provides only selective benefit.Signature mutations in pancreatic cancer confer chemoresistance by deregulating the cell cycle and promoting anti-apoptotic mechanisms.The stroma-rich tumor microenvironment impairs drug delivery and promotes tumor-specific immune escape.All these factors render the current treatment incompetent and prompt an urgent need for new,improved therapy.In this review,we have discussed the genetics of pancreatic cancer and its role in tumor evolution and treatment resistance.We have also evaluated new treatment strategies for pancreatic cancer,like targeted therapy and immunotherapy.