跨边界生计研究的国际人类学新议题

A New Topic of Anthropological Studies in the World on the Cross-border Livelihood Research

随着许多国家间边界的开放,作为政治、经济、文化、社会要素相互叠加和交错的边界与边界空间正在被激活。人与物频繁的跨边界流动愈发常态化,不同身份的边界人跨越边界、利用边界两侧不对称性和空间邻近性从中谋生获利,跨边界生计应运而生,成为人类社会中新的生计方式。边界和跨边界的社会实践和文化生产的多层次复杂性吸引了许多学者讨论,成为当今人类学跨边界生计研究的新议题。通过对国际人类学界有关跨边界生计研究进行梳理,围绕跨边界生计的相关议题和理论观点,提炼出跨边界生计的概念,概括跨境商贸、跨境种植、跨境务工等跨边界生计主要类型,认为跨边界生计因适应跨越界线、利用边界、整合各种资源而形成,具有不对称性、流动性以及脆弱性等特征,是一种不同于人类以往传统生计的新生计类型,需要用更复杂和动态的方式来看待跨边界生计。

With the opening of borders between many countries,borders and border spaces are being activated,in which political,economic,cultural and social factors are overlapping and interlacing.Frequent cross-border flows of people and things are becoming more and more normal.Borderlanders with different identities cross borders and make a living by taking advantage of the asymmetry and spatial proximity on both sides of the border.Cross-border livelihoods arise at the historic moment,becoming a new way of making a living in human society.The multilevel complexity of boundary and cross-border social practice and cultural production has attracted many scholars’attention,and has become a new topic in the cross-border livelihood research of anthropology.This paper give a critical review of the research on cross-border livelihoods in the anthropological studies worldwide,clarifies the concept of cross-border livelihoods around the relevant topics and theoretical viewpoints of cross-border livelihoods,summarizes the main types of cross-border livelihoods such as cross-border commerce and trade,cross-border planting and cross-border migrant workers,and holds that cross-border livelihoods are formed by adapting to cross-border boundaries,making use of the borderland and integrating various resources.It has the characteristics of asymmetry,liquidity and vulnerability,and it is a new type of livelihood different from the traditional one in the past.It is necessary to view cross-border livelihoods in a more complex and dynamic way.