唯物认知范式的《老子》接受之省察

A Study of the Reception of the Laozi under the Materialist Cognitive Paradigm

从诠释史和诠释方法相统一的视角言,20世纪的中国传统哲学并未"断裂",而是化身于诸多的诠释话语中。以唯物辩证法的内涵、立场及结构为参照和标准的唯物主义认知范式是解读中国传统哲学的重要诠释范式之一。由此出发,以"正言若反"的话语图式为题眼和钥匙构成诸多学者探析《老子》辩证法思想的基本范式。但过度使用唯物认知范式会在内容、意义和结构上对理解《老子》哲学思想造成一定的局限性,原因不仅在于《老子》哲学与马克思主义理论在论域上的差异,也在于唯物认知范式下对"道"本身所具有的独特性和非常规性的忽视。因此,准确理解和阐释老子的哲学思想,需要立足于一种建立在中国传统哲学认知范式基础上的中国视角,妥善处理中西哲学不同认知范式之间的关系。从"言不尽意"与"不言之教"的角度诠释"正言若反"正是此视角的有益尝试,也是构建文化自信的今天重思诸种认知范式及范式下的思想形态的客观要求。

From the perspective of the unity of historical interpretations and hermeneutic method,the tradition of Chinese philosophy did not see a complete break in the twentieth century but manifested itself in various hermeneutic discourses.Among these,the materialist cognitive paradigm is an important hermeneutic method which takes the content,standpoint,and structure of materialist dialectics as its standard and frame of reference.Setting out from this position,many scholars interpret the notion of"straight words seeming to be their opposite"as essential to explaining the dialectical thought of the Laozi.However,if used excessively,this paradigm can have an adverse effect on understanding the content,meaning,and structure of the Laozi.This is because Laozi’s philosophy and Marxism are basically different in what they address,and the materialist cognitive paradigm ignores the peculiarity of the concept of dao.Therefore,a correct understanding and interpretation of the Laozi requires properly handling the relations between different cognitive paradigms from a perspective based on a traditional Chinese philosophical paradigm.One attempt in this regard is to interpret"straight words seeming to be their opposite"in terms of"words not exhausting ideas"and"teaching without words."This attempt can also be of assistance in reexamining today’s hermeneutic paradigms and the thoughts behind them in the context of constructing cultural self-confidence.