未列举基本权利的证成——基于格里斯沃尔德诉康涅狄格州案的分析

Justification of Unenumerated Fundamental Rights

未列举权利的证成是一个司法实践的过程,也是一场制度正当性的博弈。格里斯沃尔德诉康涅狄格州案中法官通过援引第九修正案和第十四修正案,发展伴影理论和实质性正当程序理论,运用类推解释的法律解释方法,并诉诸历史和传统、自然权利学说和人权保障基础原理,确证了婚姻领域的隐私权——一项宪法未列举的权利。宪法未列举基本权利之中纠结着解释主义与非解释主义的分野,蕴含着解读宪法乃至司法的不同理念。究其根本,未列举宪法权利证成过程中包含的两难选择是司法审查与民主原则紧张关系的呈现。

The justification of unenumerated rights is a process of judicial practice and a game of institutional legitimacy.In the case of Griswold v.Connecticut,the judge confirmed the right to privacy in the field of marriage——a right not enumerated in the Constitution by invoking the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments,developing the penumbra theory and substantive due process theories,applying the legal interpretation method of analogy interpretation,and appealing to history and tradition,the doctrine of natural rights,and the basic principles of human rights protection.The basic rights unenumerated in the Constitution are entangled in the division between interpretivism and non-interpretivism,and there are different concepts for interpreting the Constitution and even interpreting the judiciary.Fundamentally,the dilemma involved in the justification of constitutional rights is a manifestation of the tension between judicial review and democratic principles.