由“理想类型”论概念的建构原则

从韦伯的“理想类型”出发,概念建构应当至少满足三大原则:其一,有效性选择原则,选择即是对经验的离析与概括,离析出来的成分既能够把握、再现经验,又能够承载研究对象的社会意义;其二,纯粹性独立原则,思想建构物不仅是面向经验的独立建构物,还应该保持面向研究者价值取向与判断的独立性;其三,逻辑性推理原则,作为“概念”出现的思想建构物应用到对经验本质的认识及认识过程中对“恰如其分的因果关系”进行推理便形成了理论,理论的主要功能在于映射、反观现象,进行具有改造意义上的理解与诠释。此外,概念的建构应当避免唯心主义的心理动机或自然主义、直觉主义的概念化陷阱。

Following Weber’s“ideal type”,conceptual construction should satisfy at least three principles.First,the principle of effective selection.Selection is the isolation and generalization of experience.The isolated components can not only grasp and reproduce experience,but also carry the social significance of the research object.Second,the principle of pure independence.Thought constructs are not only independent construction oriented to experience,but should also maintain independence of the researcher’s value orientation and judgment.Third,the principle of logical reasoning.A theory is formed when ideological constructs,which appear as“concepts”,are applied to the process both of understanding the essence of experience and reasoning about“appropriate causality”.The main function of the theory is to map and reflect on phenomena,and to understand and interpret in a transformative sense.In addition,the construction of concepts should avoid the psychological motivation of idealism or the conceptualization trap of naturalism and intuitionism.