中古文学札记六题

Six Reading Notes on Medieval Literature

“竹林七贤”聚在一起喝酒清谈在正始(240-249)之中后期,正始十年(249)正月司马懿突然发动高平陵之变,政局发生重大变化并将进一步发展,于是“竹林七贤”迅即散伙,只剩下嵇康始终不与当局合作,其余六人则先后都站到司马氏一边去了。阮籍的思想有一个由儒入道的转变。司马昭杀嵇康是因为他听信了钟会的谗言,又相信“上不臣天子,下不事王侯”者即有死罪这样一种专制主义逻辑。晋朝人高度重视观察人物并加以评说的能力,刘讷一生中最著名的一件大事,就是他对王衍等五位名士有过一段言简意深的评论。《文选》录入西晋何劭的《游仙诗》《赠张华》和《杂诗》各一首,其中隐含着破解西晋思想与文学的重要信息。张华有两首答何劭的诗亦见于《文选》,对照起来研读尤能发人深思。全文载入《南齐书》的王僧虔《诫子书》,是他写给侄子王逊的指示,书中要求青年人奋发图强,不能靠家族长辈;又强调从事清谈玄理必须有足够的准备,无准备而赶浪头乃是“最险事”。

It was during the period of 240-249 that the“Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest”came together to drink and chat.In 249 Sima Yi suddenly staged the Gao Ping Ling coup,political situation has greatly changed,so the“Seven Sages”group immediately dismissed,only Ji Kang who persisted not to cooperate with the authorities,the other six were successively stood to Sima’s side.Ruan Ji's thoughts have a transition process from Confucianism to Daoism.Sima Zhao killed Ji Kang because he believed Zhong Hui’s slander,and also because he held the absolutist logic that if a scholar does not obey the authority,it is a crime.Jin Dynasty scholars attach great importance to the ability of observing and commenting people’s characters.The most famous thing Liu Ne had ever done in his life was giving meaningful comments on five celebrities including Wang Yan.Three poems written by He Shao in Western Jin Dynasty contain some important information for understanding the ideology and literature of that time,which should be read together with two of Zhang Hua’s corresponding poems to He.Wang Zengqian’s Admonition to Son was actually an instruction to his nephew Wang Xun,which require young people work hard in the book,not relying on family elders;emphasizing that talk metaphysics must have enough preparation,otherwise it will be very risky.