智能自修复材料研究进展

Research Progress of Intelligent Self-healing Materials

机械零件的几种典型失效均源自于材料表面早期的微观损伤,在磨损、腐蚀、疲劳等工况条件下服役的零件往往因为材料表面局部损伤而导致整体失效,最终引起设备故障甚至造成灾难性后果。传统工程材料在化学成分与制备工艺确定后,其物相构成、组织结构、力学性能和使役行为随即确定,其难以满足机械零件极端工况、高可靠性和长寿命的新需求。生物系统通过自主修复来应对自身损伤,帮助生物体恢复健康并延续生命。近年来,受生物体损伤自修复与自愈合过程的启发,在智能材料、先进表面技术、仿生科学和信息技术等交叉融合的基础上,发展形成的集损伤感知激励、状态智能诊断、在线修复愈合于一体的智能自修复材料与技术,为解决材料早期微观损伤的修复问题,提高工程系统的运行效率、可靠性和延长使用寿命提供了新的解决方案。经过几十年的研究和发展,自修复材料已涵盖了混凝土、聚合物、陶瓷、金属等多个领域,自修复过程针对的损伤形式也覆盖了磨损、腐蚀、疲劳等多种失效模式。该研究领域涉及自修复材料设计、自修复体系构筑、自修复性能评价和自修复机理等多个方面,是多学科综合交叉的热点方向。本文介绍了典型自修复材料体系的分类及基本原理,综述了针对磨损、疲劳、腐蚀三种典型损伤失效形式的自修复材料的研究进展,分析了该领域当前存在的问题及未来的发展趋势。

Typical failures of mechanical parts are all derived from the early micro-damages on the surface of materials. Parts in service under the condi-tions of wear, corrosion, fatigue and other conditions often cause overall failure due to local damages to the materials surface, and eventual-ly lead to equipment failure or even catastrophic consequences. The phase, microstructure, mechanical property and service behavior of traditio-nal engineering materials are determined after the chemical component and preparation technology are determined. And it is hard to satisfy thenew requirements of extreme working conditions, high reliability and long service life. The biological system can heal its own damage by self-repairing, and help organisms recover and extend life. In recent years, intelligent self-healing materials and technologies, inspired by the process of self-repairing and self-healing of biological damage, on the basis of the cross fusionof intelligent materials, advanced surface technology and bionic science and information technology, integrating damage perception and stimula-tion, state intelligent diagnosis and online repairing and healing, have been developed. And a new solution is provided to solve the problems ofearly micro-damage repair of materials and improve the operation efficiency, reliability and service life of engineering systems. After decades of research and development, self-healing materials have covered many fields, such as concretes, polymers, ceramics, metals and so on. The damage modes targeted by the self-healing process also include wear, corrosion and fatigue. The research in this field involves the design of self-healing materials, the construction of self-healing system, the evaluation of self-healing performance and the mechanism of selfhealing. It has become a hot research direction of interdisciplinary integration. In this review, the classification and basic principle of typical self-healing materials systems are introduced. The research progress of self-healing materials for three typical damage failure modes of wear, fatigue and corrosion are summarized, and the current problems and future development trends in this field are analyzed.