明代陵坟户考论

A Study on Mausoleum-keeper and Graveyard-keeper of the Ming Dynasty

明代未建立规整的陵坟户制度,但存在普遍建置陵坟户的事实,且在因循旧例的实践中逐渐形成了一定的常例。陵坟户是建立在军、民两种基本户籍上的次生户籍,亦属因事编佥的杂役户役籍。宗室坟户具有自身的独特性,内部各阶层的坟户来源和性质并不相同,明后期建置坟户的宗室限定为亲王与绝嗣郡王。明前期陵坟户按户免役,至明中期转变为量丁免役,并逐渐形成每户三丁的成文法规,免役范围在逐渐缩小并制度化。在以一条鞭法为核心的改革中,陵坟户的配户当差逐渐瓦解,差役由世役演变为均徭,从按户佥拨转为按丁佥派,力役也逐渐折银雇役。但是,皇陵、祖陵陵户以及出藩亲王坟户仍然延续着世役的形态。

There was no system of Mausoleum-keeper and Graveyard-keeper in the Ming Dynasty,but it was common to assign Mausoleum-keeper or Graveyard-keeper from civilian's family and military's family,and which gradually formed a routine in the practice.The sources and nature of Graveyard-keeper were different among different classes in the imperial family.To the late Ming Dynasty,only the prefectural prince without children and prince could have Graveyard-keeper.The corvee for Mausoleum-keeper or Graveyard-keeper could be forgiven by Family(户)in the early-Ming Dynasty,but by Person(丁)in the mid-Ming Dynasty,and forming a rule that only 3 persons per family were exempt.Among with One Lash Method reform,the method of assignment went from by Family to by Person,and the mode of service went from the changeless provision of labor to the exchangeable payment of silver.However,the Mausoleum-keeper of Zhu Yuanzhang's father and grandfather needed to provide labor for the generations to come,so did the Graveyard-keeper of princes in the provinces.