“中间经济”的前奏:清代贵州纺织业的技术移植

The Prelude of“Middle Economy”:Technology Transplantation of Guizhou Textile Industry in Qing Dynasty

自乾隆初年开始,贵州纺织业在官府主导、士绅联动、匠民参与的合力下,开展技术的异地引进,并结合本土实践,逐步形成了以正安蚕为中心的桑蚕丝织业、以遵义蚕为发端的柞蚕丝织业以及作为补充产业的棉纺织业。以此为技术支撑,蚕匠、织户、茧商、雇佣主相互依存,形成了传统手工工场的初步形态。由于其难以发挥对传统手工业的“联进功能”,只能通过“半专业化”与“半工业化”途径来实现社会分工。与此相应,半官半民的蚕桑技术推广机构也应运而生。移植的纺织技术奠定了贵州手工业由传统农业下的依附经济转型为近代工厂手工业的技术基础,不仅改善了“谋衣艰于谋食”的民生问题,而且实现了纺织业技术与经济的跃迁。如若将清代贵州纺织史置身于中国手工业的近代化进程中,可以看作是“中间经济”的前奏。

Since the beginning of the reign of Emperor Qianlong,Guizhou textile industry,led by the government,linked by the gentry and the participation of artisans,who carried out the introduction of technology in other places,and which was combined with local practice,gradually formed the mulberry silk industry with Zheng'an silkworm as the center,the tussah silk industry with Zunyi silkworm as the origin and the cotton textile industry as the supplementary industry.With this as the technical support,silkworm,weavers,cocoon merchants and employers depend on each other,forming the initial form of the traditional handcraft workshop.Because it is difficult to give full play to the"linkage function"of traditional handicraft industry,which can only realize the social division of labor through the way of"semi-specialization"and"semi-industrialization".As corresponding as this,the sericulture technology of half official,half civilian popularizing an organization also arises at the historic moment.The transplanted textile technology laid the technical foundation for the transformation of Guizhou handicraft industry from the dependent economy under the traditional agriculture to the modern factory handicraft industry,which not only improved the livelihood problem of"finding food and clothing is the more difficult one",but also it realized the technological and economic transition of the textile industry.If the textile history of Guizhou in the Qing Dynasty is placed in the process of the modernization of Chinese handicraft industry,it can be regarded as the prelude of"middle economy".