基于环境性能模拟的历史建筑更新设计优化研究

Research on the Optimization of Historic Building Renewal Design Based on Environmental Performance Simulation

作为当代的国际学术热点,特别是近年来我国建筑界由增量时代转向存量时代,旧建筑的更新改造成为我国建筑内涵式增长的关键。我国历史建筑改扩建中建筑形式与环境脱节以及环境性能低效的矛盾亟待解决。本文以哈工大土木楼改扩建设计为例,针对其进行问卷调查,挖掘新时期建筑学院人群空间行为规律和需求,进而基于Rhinoceros与Grasshopper平台,结合拓扑思想与图解静力学理论,探索空间与结构耦合逻辑以及建筑体量生成方法,并针对其风热环境进行Ecotect环境性能模拟及评估优化。比较优化方案与原方案的模拟结果发现,天窗开启面积占顶界面面积增至15.3%时,过渡季节逐月不舒适度比例增长0.4%;遮阳面积为顶界面面积71.8%时,过渡季节逐月不舒适度比例降低2.46%;而在此基础上,天窗开启面积占比增至28.2%,侧界面上舷窗占比1.8%时,过渡季节逐月不舒适度比例则降低2.19%。基于此,本文提出改扩建设计设置遮阳设施,辅以可开启天窗与侧立面上舷窗的优化设计策略,进而凝练出基于性能模拟的历史建筑更新优化设计方法流程,旨在为历史建筑改扩建提供理论指导。

As a contemporary international academic hotspot,especially in recent years,the construction industry in China has shifted from an incremental era to a stock era.Educational historical building is a special type of historical buildings,it contains historical culture,emotional needs and educational functions.The quality of redevelopment indoor environment has received extensive attention.The old building renovation has become the key to the connotative growth of Chinese architecture.The contradiction between historical buildings renovation form and environment inefficiency in China needs to be addressed urgently.This article takes the renovation design of the Harbin Institute of Technology as an example.A questionnaire survey to explore the occupants spatial behavior needs in the School of Architecture in the new era was conducted.Based on the Rhinoceros and Grasshopper platform,combined with topological ideas and graphical statics theory,the coupling logic of space and structure and the building volume generation method were explored.And then Ecotect environmental performance simulation and evaluation optimization on wind-heat environment were carried out.Many scholars have proposed a variety of forms,methods and concepts for the historical building regeneration.Historical building regeneration combined with green building technology has become a hot topic.Particular attention is paid to improving environmental performance,reducing energy consumption and improving user comfort.However,a large number of practical research and theoretical research are mostly limited to a single case,technical application principles,etc.,and lack of regional typology design method research.This article intends to take the regeneration of the civil engineering building in Harbin Institute of Technology as an example to discuss educational historical building regeneration logic and environmental optimization rule,and then condense the performance-based optimization design method for historical buildings renovation,in order to provide theoretical guidance for design practice.Due to the occupants expansion and educational mode innovation,higher requirements for teaching space are put forward,the Harbin Institute of Technology’s civil engineering building couldn’t meet the gradually enriching needs of behavior activities.It is urgent to expand the Sunshine Hall.In order to maximize the visibility of the original civil buildings,the Sunshine Hall will use a transparent envelope structure.This paper combines topology and graphic statics to generate new masses,and realizes the integrated design of structural system and building form.In summer,atrium spaces with transparent enclosures are often susceptible to solar radiation and high temperature,resulting in poor indoor environment quality.Therefore,the preliminary plan needs to be further optimized.Using the weather tool passive design analysis module to compare and analyze the indoor environment of various passive strategies,it is found that three strategies such as high heat capacity and night ventilation,high heat capacity materials,and natural ventilation have the most significant effects in Harbin non-heating season.This article discusses the influence of sunshading,opening and closing skylights,and upper portholes on the indoor thermal environment in non-heating periods,and provides a scientific basis for design decisions.The Rhinoceros3D platform and Grasshopper plug-in were used to assist in the modeling establishment,which was imported into the Ecotect Analysis software to simulate the indoor thermal environment,and the visualization results were obtained and evaluated by the proportion of uncomfortable time month by month.On this basis,this article also discusses modeling establishment.The appropriate air flow rate is helpful for the convection and evaporative heat dissipation of the human body,improving the indoor thermal environment level and indoor air quality.The Ecotect software is used and the winAIR4 wind environment simulation analysis plug-in is loaded as the experimental platform to simulate the wind environment of the three schemes.Comparing the simulation results of the optimized scheme and the original scheme,it is found that when the skylight opening area accounts for 15.3%roof interface area,the monthly discomfort ratio increased by 0.4%during the transition season;when the shading area is 71.8%roof interface area,the monthly discomfort ratio reduced by 2.46%during the transition season;on the basis of that,when the ratio of sunroof opening area increased to 28.2%and the side portholes ratio was 1.8%,the monthly ratio of discomfort was reduced by 2.19%in the transition season.Based on this,this paper proposes the regeneration design with shading facilities,supplemented by the optimization design strategy of opening skylights and side scuttles.Besides,it condenses the performance-based optimization design method of historical building renovation.In view of the article presupposition based on the transparent skin topology strategy,solar radiation has a greater impact on the indoor physical environment,resulting in the limited environmental improvement effect,and the physical environment improvement strategy is only verified by computer simulation evaluation,so further field measurement verification is still needed.