中美跨境数据流动政策比较分析

Comparative Analysis of Policies on Crossborder Data Flow between the U.S.and China

数据是数字时代重要的生产要素,在硬实力方面影响世界经济格局和国家战略实力,在软实力方面影响国际规则和秩序,从而对国际政治产生影响。跨境数据流动的国际规则已经成为中美竞争的焦点之一,两国都希望在国际上拓展本国政策的影响范围。本文通过归纳演绎的方法,着重梳理了两国跨境数据流动政策的演进历程和特征,认为中美两国对国家安全和商业利益的不同侧重、数据本地化措施背后的数据主权原则与数据自由流动政策背后的数字霸权是中美两国跨境数据流动政策的主要分歧。这种分歧是两国各自数字实力、认知理念和地缘政治共同作用的结果。在美国放弃霸权之前,中美在此议题上的竞争只会加剧。因此中国要在国内加强科技和产业体系建设,完善跨境数据法律法规制度建设,在国际上培育国际动员能力,推动建设数字空间命运共同体。

Data is an important factor of production in the digital era.In terms of hard power,it shapes the world economic pattern and national strategic strength;in terms of soft power,it shapes international rulemaking.Digital space is the main field of SinoU.S.strategic competition and the crossborder flow of data has become one of the focuses of SinoU.S.competition.Through inductive and deductive methods,this paper focuses on the evolution and characteristics of crossborder data flow policy of the two countries.It is considered that the different emphasis on national security and commercial interests of China and the United States,the principle of data sovereignty behind the data localization measures and the digital hegemony behind the free data flow policy are the fundamental differences between the crossborder data flow policies of China and the United States.These differences stem from the joint action of their respective digital power,cognitive ideas and geopolitical competition.Unless the U.S.abandons its unipolar hegemony,the competition between China and the U.S.will intensify.Therefore,China needs to strengthen its scientific and technological development as well as its industrial systems,improve the construction of laws and regulations on crossborder data,cultivate international mobilization capacity,and promote the construction of a community of shared future in digital space.