欧盟强化对华经贸防御工具的动因、举措、影响及中国应对

The Motivation,Measures,Impact and Chinese Countermeasures of the EU Strengthening its Economic and Trade Defense Tools Against China

欧盟正在强化对华经贸防御机制,表明其对中国越来越防范并且在切实采取措施加大对华施压。本文认为其主要原因有以下几点:欧盟意图维护欧洲主权并确保在对华关系上拥有独立决策权;德法将提防制衡中国的理念附加在欧盟对华战略上;以及欧盟在产业政策上视中国为主要竞争对手。当前欧盟正在构建的是一个涵盖投资监管、出口管制、公司治理、外国补贴审查以及反制裁胁迫的全方位对华经贸防御工具箱,这将产生一系列负面影响,包括强化欧洲对中国“竞争对手”的定位而更加防范中资企业;还可能导致欧美对华政策趋同进而采用统一监管机制。但欧盟也面临多重制约,盲目使用对华经贸防御工具反而可能会损害自身利益。中国应提前准备,通过切实可行的反制措施给欧盟以警告。同时,应深化中欧双边合作来阻止欧美对华经贸政策一致化的倾向。

The EU is strengthening its economic and trade defense tools against China,indicating that it is becoming increasingly defensive against China and is undertaking concrete measures designed to ratchet up pressure on China.This paper argues that the main reasons are EU’s intention to safeguard European sovereignty and ensure its independent decisionmaking power in its relation with China.Germany and France attach the concept of guarding against and balancing China to the EU’s China strategy.And the EU sees China as its main competitor in industrial policy.The EU is building a comprehensive economic and trade defense mechanism against China,encompassing investment supervision,export control,corporate governance,foreign subsidy review and antisanctions coercion,which will bring a series of negative effects,including strengthening Europe’s positioning of China as“competitor”and more precautions against Chinese enterprises.It may lead to a convergence of European and American policies towards China and the adoption of a unified regulatory mechanism.However,the EU also faces multiple constraints,since the blind use of economic and trade defense tools against China may harm its own interests.China should prepare in advance to warn the EU with practical countermeasures.At the same time,we should deepen SinoEU bilateral cooperation to prevent Europe and the United States from adopting a coherent economic and trade policy toward China.