仿生扑翼飞行器风洞实验研究进展

Research progress on the wind tunnel experiment of a bionic flapping-wing aerial vehicle

仿生扑翼飞行器的设计灵感来源于自然界中的鸟类、昆虫和蝙蝠的飞行模式,通过机翼的主动运动来产生飞行所需要的升力和推力.仿生扑翼飞行器具有隐蔽性好、机动性强等优点,成为近年来国内外飞行器研究的重点.但是仿生扑翼飞行器研究涉及到低雷诺数、非定常空气动力学等问题,与常规固定翼飞行器有很大的不同.仿生扑翼飞行器的研究方法一般分三种:气动计算、风洞实验和外场试飞.气动计算方面,非定常气动设计优化理论与方法目前仍存在不足;外场试飞的方法无法精确测量出飞行器复杂的气动力,难以对飞行器进行定量分析研究;风洞实验由于可以模拟飞行时的真实情况,获得的数据较为真实可靠,且可以定量分析研究,成为目前研究仿生扑翼飞行器非常有效的方法.国内外研究人员利用风洞进行了大量针对仿生扑翼飞行器的实验研究.在介绍了风洞组成和分类的基础上,详细阐述了仿鸟和仿昆虫扑翼飞行器风洞实验的研究现状,最后对仿生扑翼飞行器风洞实验未来可能的研究方向给出了建议.

“Flapping wing”is a mechanism observed in the flight of birds,insects,and bats.The lift and thrust for a flight are generated by the active movement of wings.It was first specifically designed by Da Vinci.With good concealment and maneuverability advantages,the bionic flapping wing has become the hotspot in the field of aerial vehicles at home and abroad in recent years.Due to its high degree of bionic appearance and ultra-low flight noise,the bionic flapping-wing aerial vehicle has important applications in the military and civilian fields.Because of a low Reynolds number,unsteady aerodynamics,and other issues,such as flexible deformation of the wing and so on,the study of a bionic flapping-wing aerial vehicle is quite different from that of a conventional fixed-wing aerial vehicle.The three methods used in the study of a flapping-wing aerial vehicle are aerodynamic calculations,wind tunnel experiments,and outside flight tests.In terms of aerodynamic calculation,the theory and method of an unsteady aerodynamic design and optimization are still inadequate at present.The outside flight test cannot accurately measure the complex aerodynamic force of the aerial vehicle and cannot conduct quantitative analysis as well as research on the aerial vehicle.As the wind tunnel experiment can simulate a real flight,the data obtained is more reliable,can be analyzed,and studied quantitatively.Therefore,the wind tunnel experiment has become an effective method to study a flapping-wing aerial vehicle.Researchers at home and abroad have conducted several experimental studies on a bionic flapping-wing aerial vehicle using a wind tunnel.This paper first introduced the composition and classification of a wind tunnel and then introduced the research status of the wind tunnel experiment,covering the bird-like and insect-like flapping-wing aerial vehicles in detail.Finally,this paper provided suggestions on the possible research directions to the wind tunnel experiment of the bionic flapping-wing aerial vehicle,such as research on how the multi-wing and the feather structure of the wings affect the performance of the bionic flapping-wing aerial vehicle.