欧盟碳边境调节机制:合法性争议及影响

EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism:Legitimacy Debate and Its Impacts

碳边境调节机制被欧盟视为实现"欧洲绿色协议"和2050年"碳中和"目标的关键性制度设计。该机制的基础是欧盟碳排放交易体系,碳价将直接反映碳关税的未来定价。在合法性上,欧盟将通过内部立法、修订现有国际贸易规则、防止"碳泄漏"等路径,寻求与WTO规则兼容。欧盟正联合重返《巴黎协定》的美国,推动世界贸易组织改革,试图将贸易与环境、劳工标准挂钩,打造以"碳市场与碳关税"为核心的全球气候治理秩序。然而,欧盟以单边方式推出类似碳关税的调节机制,可能会收到适得其反的效果,全球减排的努力可能因此遭受打击。欧盟是中国的主要贸易伙伴和领导全球气候治理的重要力量,其碳关税对中国而言,既是挑战也是机遇。

The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism(CBAM)is regarded by the EU as a key institutional design to achieve the“European Green Deal”and carbon neutrality by 2050.Based on the European Union’s emissions trading system,the carbon price will directly reflect the future pricing of carbon tariffs.In terms of legitimacy,the EU will seek to comply with WTO rules through internal legislation,revision of existing international trade rules as well as preventing“carbon leakage”.The EU is allying with the US,who has come back to the Paris Agreement,and trying to create a global climate governance order with carbon markets and carbon tariffs at its core by pushing the reform of the World Trade Organisation and linking trade rules with environmental and labour standards.However,the EU’s unilateral introduction of a carbon tariff-like adjustment regime could backfire and undermine the global efforts to reduce emissions.EU being a major trading partner of China and a leading player in global climate governance,its CBAM means both a challenge and an opportunity for China.