基于发生学与实践的传统村落时空演变过程及机制——以重庆市为例

Spatio-temporal Evolution Process and Mechanism of Traditional Villages Based on Genesis Perspectives and Practice:A Case Study of Chongqing Municipality

掌握传统村落时空演变过程与发生机制可为新时代村落保护提供参考。以发生学为视阈,聚焦村落"事"的属性,从实践出发,结合GIS技术,分析了重庆市168个国家级与市级传统村落的时空演变过程与发生机制。结果表明:(1)实践是驱动村落演变的根源,实践对村落演变具有显著的发生学效应,实践的历史起伏引发村落阶段性发展:起始期(先秦)"自发发展",波动期(秦汉至宋元)"波动增长",转折期(明)"显著提升",成熟期(清至民国)"格局奠定"。(2)农耕实践、经济实践与政治实践是激发村落演变的主要实践,分别推动生成农耕型、商贸型、军事型村落,并发生转型,其中农耕型位居主导,农耕型转商贸型最为突出。(3)村落随实践的空间演进与累积呈现从长江干流到渝东南山地推进,从"多点分散"局部分布到"一核聚面"全域铺展,最终形成"农东商西军冲要"格局。(4)以实践目的为导向解析了村落时空演变的发生机制,并提炼构建了"实践环境—元实践"逻辑结构,得出村落是在受动与能动的对立统一中展开时空演变。结果启示传统村落保护需要适宜的实践环境、保持人口生产与物质生产;建议维续原生性实践,融入创造性实践,推动伦理性实践,以使村落在延续地方性中保持活力与合理发展。

Analyzing the spatio-temporal evolution process and mechanism of traditional villages can provide reference for village protection in the new era.Based on the genesis,focusing on the attribute of village“affairs”,combining with GIS technology,this paper analyzes the spatio-temporal evolution of 168 national and municipal traditional villages in Chongqing based on practice.The research reveals the following:(1)the practic is the root of village evolution,and has significant genetic effect on it.The historical fluctuation of practice drives the fluctuating development of villages:villages developed spontaneously in the pre-Qin period,fluctuated from the Qin and Han dynasties to the Song and Yuan dynasties,increased significantly in the Ming Dynasty,and laid a foundation for the pattern of contemporary villages from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China.(2)Agricultural,economic and political practices are the main practices that stimulate the evolution of villages.They promote the generation of agricultural,commercial and military villages respectively and have undergone transformation.Among them,the number of agricultural villages is the largest,and the transformation from agricultural to commercial villages is the most prominent.(3)Affected by the spatial evolution of practice,the villages are promoted from the main stream of the Yangtze River to the southeastern mountainous areas,and develop from scattered distribution to the whole region.Finally,a pattern of agricultural villages is formed in the eastern part of Chongqing,commercial ones in the west,and military ones in the main traffic routes is formed.(4)Guided by the practical purpose,it analyzes the genetic mechanism of the temporal and spatial evolution of villages,and then abstracts and constructs the logical structure of“practice environment-meta-practice”,and concludes that the evolution of villages is carried out in the unity of opposites between active and active.The results suggest that the protection of traditional villages requires a suitable practical environment and the maintenance of population and material production.We suggest to keep original practice,integrate creative practice,and promote ethical practice,so as to keep the vitality and reasonable development of the village in the continuation of the local.