论修道院拘禁在早期拜占庭帝国中的世俗应用(5-7世纪)

Monastic Confinement in Early Byzantium(5-7th Century)

修道院拘禁是指某些人因为触犯某些法律、原则或违反皇帝命令而被迫临时或永久性进入修道院的一种处罚措施。随着拜占庭帝国的发展,修道院拘禁在社会中的作用也逐渐凸显出来,其应用范围也发生了一个明显的变化:从一开始作为处罚犯错误僧侣的一条修道院处罚措施,逐渐演化为处理政治和社会问题的一种惩罚手段。修道院拘禁在查士丁尼时期通过立法成为一种公共社会处罚方式,之后借由皇帝福卡斯进一步应用到皇位争夺之中,并成为日后皇权斗争中的常用手段。修道院拘禁应用范围的变化反映了修道院在拜占庭帝国历史发展中的影响力不断增强。这与修道院生活方式密不可分,皇帝也利用了其特点,弥补了帝国管理手段中存在的不足。

Monastic confinement was a punishment to detain or imprison someone,who against certain laws,rules,or an emperor,in a monastery temporarily or permanently.With the transformation and development of Byzantium,monastic confinement had gradually been used in a wider range:from basically a punishment in monastic rules which aimed at those monks and nuns who violated certain monastic rules,then expanded to a method of governing in political life and dealing with secular affairs.During the reign of Justinian,monastic confinement was legislated as a public,punishment in societal dimension in the Code of Justinian,which mainly used for female crimes and marital issues.By the reign of emperor Phokas,monastic confinement had been extended to a punishment against whose who failed in throne struggling.Henceforth,it had become a common way of punishment in Byzantine political rivaliy.The expanding use of monastic confinement reflected an increasing influence of monastery in Byzantium,which was attributed to the renunciation and asceticism of the monastery,by which the emperor remedy the limitation of his means of control.