口语中的连词分布及其制约条件

The distribution of conjunctions in spoken discourse and its constraints

本文运用计量方法,考察了210个连词在口语中的分布,同时对影响连词分布的制约条件进行了分析。结果表明:口语中的连词分布,因口语类型不同,呈现出型符选择和例符分布的双重差异。连词在各类口语中的分布共性也十分明显:在型符分布上,小于或约等于现代汉语连词型符的1/2;在频次分布上,均呈幂律分布,具有无标度、长尾和二八特征。上述分布特征,从宏观看,是省力原则和连词的语体适应性共同驱动的结果;从微观看,与具体的制约条件相关。各类口语的交际目的、会话性质、准备程度、正式与否、表达方式和情境参与程度,都是影响其连词分布的重要条件;连词在口语中的分布数量和基本样态,是上述条件相互交叠、协同作用的产物;而连词的使用频次与口语的互动性等级是否相关,则需进一步证实。

In this paper,the distributional characteristics of 210 conjunctions in spoken discourse are investigated using quantitative methods;the constraints affecting the distribution of conjunctions are also analyzed using qualitative analysis.The results show that the distribution of conjunctions in spoken discourse exhibits both type selection and token distribution depending on the type of discourse.At the same time,the commonality of the distribution of conjunctions in all types of discourses is obvious:in terms of the type distribution,it is less than or equal to 1/2 of the modern Chinese conjunctive type;in terms of the frequency distribution,they all show a power-law distribution with scale-free,long-tailed and two-eight characteristics.The above distribution characteristics are driven by the labor-saving principle and the discourse adaptability of conjunctions from a macroscopic perspective;from a microscopic perspective,they are directly related to the specific constraints.The results of the qualitative analysis show that the communicative purpose of the discourse,the nature of the conversation,the degree of preparation,the formality,the mode of expression,and the degree of contextual involvement are all important conditions affecting the distribution of conjunctions;the number and basic pattern of the distribution of conjunctions in spoken discourse are the result of the overlap and synergy of these conditions;whether the frequency of conjunctions is related to the interactivity level of spoken discourse needs to be further confirmed.