雾霾风险视域下健康城市形象研究——基于结构方程模型的测量

The Risk Perceptions of Urban Air Pollution and Attitudes Towards Healthy Cities:A Structural Modelling Approach

从健康城市规划建设的视角,空气质量与人体健康的关系已进入研究视野,但尚未实现雾霾风险感知与健康城市研究的充分对接。针对雾霾风险感知对健康城市形象的负面影响问题,采用“滚雪球抽样法”等方式开展问卷调查,收回有效问卷540份,调查公众对雾霾风险和健康城市评价指标及理想健康城市测试项的感知特征,阐明居住(停留)时间、雾霾风险感知、健康城市评价指标与理想健康城市测试项等变量间的认知结构关系。结果表明:雾霾风险感知出现了两极分化的情形,但倾向于认为研究案例为理想健康城市。“公共绿地”“医院数量”“医疗水平”排名前三位,且有超过70%的受访对象选择了“基本同意”或“完全同意”的评价项。超过50%的受访者认为“垃圾处理”“公共厕所”“居民健康”“健身场地”“发病率低”“健康知识”“锻炼人数”达到或基本达到健康城市标准,但“吸烟人数”“空气质量”“食品安全”“养老设施”“饮用水质”五项指标堪忧。健康城市评价指标集中于“健康社会”“健康意识”和“健康环境”三个维度。雾霾风险感知对健康环境的直接效应大于其对于健康意识和健康社会的直接效应。雾霾风险感知与健康城市指标均会对理想健康城市形象造成直接影响;健康意识与健康社会对于健康城市评价指标的贡献度显著大于健康环境;居住(停留)时间越长,越能够感受到雾霾所带来的风险,从而导致对健康环境做出较为负面的评价。因此,健康城市规划与建设既要力争达到全国健康城市评价指标的要求,也要着力解决雾霾风险所带来的负面影响;既要加强街区、社区等建成环境的空气污染治理,也要高度重视健康意识的提升和融入环境正义理念的健康社会营造。综上,雾霾风险视域下健康城市形象认知研究延续了“人类世”背景下对城市空气污染问题的持续关注,强调与“生态文明”这一美好愿景的对接,突显了居住(停留)时间对于健康环境评价的重要意义,有望为规划建设理想的健康城市空间提供科学依据。

From the perspective of healthy city planning and construction,the relationship between air quality and human body quality has entered the research field,but the connection between haze risk perception and healthy city research has not been fully realized.To address this critical issue,this study employs empirical research design to collect survey data from 540 Chinese respondents.The purpose of this study is to investigate the public perception characteristics of haze risk and evaluation indicators of healthy city and test items of ideal healthy city,and clarify the cognitive structure relationship between residence(stay)time,haze risk perception,assessment indicators of healthy city and test items of ideal healthy city.The descriptive results indicate that haze risk perceptions vary while respondents are inclined to have positive attitude and image towards the case as an ideal healthy city.Specifically speaking,70%of respondents would probably or strongly agree that public green space,number of hospital,and medical standard of the city are the best indicators among all the 15 items of health city assessment indicators.At the same time,50%of respondents are generally satisfied with indicators like waste disposal and recycling,public toilet management,and health and wellness of citizens,fitness facilities,incidence rate of infectious and chronic diseases,health knowledge of citizens,and number of people participating in physical activities.However,they have deep concerns for large number of smoking people,air pollution,and food safety,residential and care facilities for the aged,and quality of drinking water.The exploratory factor analysis identifies three dimensions of the underlying construction of healthy city assessment,including“healthy society”,“healthy awareness”,and“healthy environment”.The Structural Equation Modelling approach(SEM)further reveals that direct effects of risk perception of urban air pollution on healthy environment is stronger than its effects on variables of healthy awareness and healthy society,similar to the effects of respondents’healthy city assessment on the variable of ideal healthy city.The longer respondents reside or stay in the city,the higher possibility of the risk of urban air pollution is perceived,resulting a negative attitude towards the variable of healthy environment.The findings with full practical implications suggest how to direct the case towards a better healthy city from public perspective,rather than expert’s view.To this end,it is critically important to deal with urban haze pollution and reduce risk perception of tourists so as to build the image of the destination as an ideal healthy city.At the same time,it is suggested to enhance public awareness,and to build a healthy society in line with environmental equity.In line with the concept of ecological civilization,the result here addresses the rising concerns for reducing air pollution in the Anthropocene age,and further highlights the significance of duration of living or stay as a variable to predict healthy environment that is interplayed with haze risk perception.