儒风北渐——辽代孔庙与祭祀考论

Northward Spread of Confucianism——Study on Confucian Temple and Its Sacrifice in Liao Dynasty

在中华文明多元一体的演进过程中,辽朝在诸多领域担任了承前启后的角色,如孔庙相关问题,辽朝在孔庙修建及其祭祀方面实为"承"唐"启"金的重要一环。在建置上,辽朝孔庙沿袭唐五代旧制,实行孔庙祭祀与官学教育相结合的"庙学合一"制度。在分布上,辽朝孔庙呈现出明显的区域性特征,以中原汉地南部农耕区为聚集中心向西北与东北游牧、渔猎地带扩张。在孔庙释奠礼方面,辽朝承继唐制,以其为蓝本进行损益;此外,辽太祖立国之初命太子耶律倍负责释奠礼,可能暗含了帝位传承意图。总之,辽朝效仿中原王朝建立的孔庙相关制度,不仅有助于本朝实现"道统"与"治统"的统一,更促进了"华夷同风"的农牧文化交融,并在一定程度上被金朝所承袭。

In the process of the evolution of the pluralistic integration of Chinese civilization,Liao Dynasty played a role in connecting the past and the future in many fields.The issue related to Confucian Temple is an example.In fact,Liao Dynasty was an important link between Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty in the construction of Confucian Temple and its sacrifice.In terms of construction,Confucian Temple in Liao Dynasty followed the old system of the Tang and Five Dynasties,and implemented the"integration of temple and school"system that combined worship in Confucian Temple with official education.In terms of distribution,the Confucian temples in Liao Dynasty showed obvious regional characteristics,and expanded to the nomadic,fishing and hunting areas in the northwest and northeast with the farming areas in the southern part of Central Plains as the gathering center.In terms of worship ceremony of Confucian Temple,Liao Dynasty continued the Tang system and also adjusted it according to the situation.In addition,at the beginning of the establishment of Liao Dynasty,Liao Taizu(辽太祖)appointed the prince Yelubei(耶律倍)to be in charge of worship ceremony of Confucian Temple,which may have implied the intention of inheriting the throne.In a word,Liao Dynasty imitated the Confucian Temple-related system established by Central Plains Dynasty,which not only helped to achieve the unification of Confucian orthodoxy and Governance orthodoxy in this dynasty,but also promoted the integration of farming and nomadic culture of"Chinese and barbarians with the same style".To a certain extent,it was inherited by Jin Dynasty.