数据交易如何破局——数据要素市场中的阿罗信息悖论与法律应对

Breaking the Deadlock of Data Trading

数据交易已经成为数据要素市场建设的难题,各地纷纷建立大数据交易所,但交易规模与额度非常低。数据交易面临阿罗信息悖论:交易需要披露信息,但披露信息即意味着数据价值的丧失。有观点认为,应通过数据产权保护消解阿罗信息悖论,避免相关的公地悲剧、"搭便车"与激励问题。但数据具有价值不确定、一定程度的非竞争性与非排他性,数据产权并不能解决阿罗信息悖论,也不会克服公地悲剧,反而可能造成公共资源私有化、溢出效应丧失等问题。数据交易与产品流通型交易不同,具有服务合作型特征。大数据交易应以婚姻介绍所为模型,成为撮合数据交易、提供安全认证的机构,而非以商场或证券交易所为模型。法律应设置大数据交易所的安全保障义务,积极利用知识产权、合同制度,同时审慎应用反不正当竞争制度保护数据交易。

Data trading has become a difficult problem in the construction of data element market. Big data exchanges have been established everywhere, but the trading scale and amount are very limited. Data trading faces an Arrow information paradox: trading needs to disclose information;but the disclosure of information means the loss of data value. Some people believe that the Arrow information paradox should be solved through data property rights protection. At the same time, data property rights can avoid the tragedy of the commons, free riding and incentive problems. However, data’s value is uncertain and data is non-rivalry and non-inclusive to a certain degree. Data property rights cannot solve arrow’s information paradox and will not cause the tragedy of the Commons. On the contrary, it may cause the privatization of public resources and the loss of spillover effect. Data transaction is different from product circulation transaction and has the characteristics of service cooperation. Big data trading should take the marriage agency as the model and become an institution to match data trading and provide security certification, rather than taking shopping mall or stock exchange as a model. Law should set up security obligations for big data exchanges, actively make use of intellectual property rights and contract systems, and prudently apply anti-unfair competition law to protect data transactions.