从异化劳动到实践自由:劳动自由得以可能的思考

From Alienated Labor to Practice Freedom:Thoughts on the Possibility of Labor Freedom

从黑格尔到马克思,劳动论题的思考不断深入,劳动自由成为关注的焦点。资本主义生产方式下因劳动对资本的依附关系而出现劳动异化,资本基于既往的资本积累能够控制无产者的命运,表面的劳动自由遮蔽了劳动不自由,无产者不断生产和再生产自身的不幸福。马克思认为,劳动是人的本质特征,劳动者可以通过劳动实现自身价值并向社会贡献智慧,劳动幸福需要通过劳动自由和劳动权利两个属性得到展现。因此,只有剔除不合理的制度因素,在共产主义社会中才能彻底改变劳动不自由状态。劳动自由并非无限制的自由,而是劳动者在劳动纪律范围内享受的自由,并在劳动者自身全面发展、自由支配劳动时间、建构科学的激励制度、个人发展完成从“现存”到“现实”的转化等向度得到体现。

From Hegel to Marx,the thinking of labor thesis has been deepened,and labor freedom has become the focus of attention.Under the capitalist mode of production,labor is alienated due to the dependence of labor on capital.Capital can control the fate of the proletarians based on the previous accumulation of capital.The superficial freedom of labor covers the unfreedom of labor,and the proletarians continue to produce and reproduce their own unhappiness.Marx believed that labor is the essential characteristic of human beings,laborers can realize their own value and contribute wisdom to the society through labor,and labor happiness needs to be displayed through the two attributes of labor freedom and labor rights.Therefore,only by eliminating unreasonable institutional factors can the state of unfreedom of labor be completely changed in a communist society.Labor freedom is not unrestricted freedom,but the freedom that workers enjoy within the scope of labor discipline.Furthermore,labor freedom is reflected in the dimensions of workers’own comprehensive development,free control of labor time,construction of a scientific incentive system,and accomplishment of personal development from“existence”to“reality”.